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‘British os
Ornithologists’
Club

Volume 126 No. 3
September 2006

MEETINGS are normally held in the Sherfield Building of Imperial College, South Kensington, London
SW7. The nearest Tube station is at South Kensington; a map of the area will be sent to members, on request.
(Limited car parking facilities can be reserved [at a special reduced charge of £5.00], on prior application to
the Hon. Secretary.)

The cash bar is open from 6.15 pm, and a buffet supper, of two courses followed by coffee, is served at
7.00 pm. (A vegetarian menu can be arranged if ordered at the time of booking.) Informal talks are given on
completion, commencing at about 8.00 pm.

Dinner charges are £21.00 per person as from 1 January 2006.

FORTHCOMING MEETINGS
See also BOC website: http://www.boc-online.org

26 September 2006—Please note that the proposed talk for this date (Lars Svensson—The Almaty skin
collection and the birds of Kazakhstan) has been changed. A programme of two shorter talks will be given.
Bird flu and wild birds—Chris Feare is a consultant ornithologist specialising in interactions between birds
and man, including pest management and conservation. He is a Vice-President of the BOU and former editor
of the Bulletin.

Great Salvage Island update: Cory s Shearwater—coincidence or recovery?—Since 2003, Alan Buckle has
run a consultancy company to advise conservation agencies on planning, environmental risk analysis and
implementation of island alien pest management strategies. He is chair of many industry committees in UK
and Europe, including the British Pest Control Association’s Technical Review Group, the Rodenticide
Working and Data Development Groups of the European Chemical Industry Council and the Campaign for
Responsible Rodenticide Use. Dr Buckle has produced many research papers and has co-authored a book
entitled Rodent pests and their control, published by CAB International. He is Visiting Research Fellow at
the Vertebrate Pests Unit, University of Reading.

Applications to. Hon. Secretary (address below) by 17 September

7 November 2006—Edward C. Dickinson—Avian nomenclature and the ICZN Code: a layman’ view.
Edward Dickinson is probably best known as the editor of The Howard & Moore complete checklist of birds
of the world, third edition (2003). The talk will examine some of the ambiguities and difficulties that affect
decisions on authorship and on the dating of bird names, and open up discussion of changes that are or may
be under consideration.

Applications to. Hon. Secretary (address below) by 24 October

5 December 2006—Prof. Jeremy Greenwood—The future of birds and man. Jeremy Greenwood has been
Director of the British Trust for Ornithology since 1988. He has worked on genetics, behaviour, ecology and
biogeography of snails and various birds, particularly Guillemots Uria aalge, Snow Buntings Plectrophenax
nivalis and Blue Tits Parus caeruleus: Starting from an ornithological base, Jeremy will consider the
prospects facing mankind and the environment from the viewpoint of ecological science.

Applications to. Hon. Secretary (address below) by 14 November

Overseas Members visiting Britain are especially welcome at these meetings, and the Hon. Secretary would
be very pleased to hear from anyone who can offer to talk to the Club giving as much advance notice as
possible—please contact: S. A. H. (Tony) Statham, Ashlyns Lodge, Chesham Road, Berkhamsted, Herts.
HP4 2ST, UK. Tel. 01442 876995 (or e-mail: boc.sec@bou.org.uk).

Registered Charity No. 279583

Club Announcements 165 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Bulletin of the
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ CLUB

Vol. 126 No. 3 Published 5 September 2006

CLUB ANNOUNCEMENTS

Subscriptions Attention is drawn to the subscription changes on the inside back cover of this issue.
There will no longer be a differential rate for members or non-members of the BOU. For 2007 (from 1
January) a single subscription rate of £20 per annum will apply and there will no longer be an option to
pay in US$. A revised subscription rate will also be introduced for institutional subscribers from 1
January 2007 of £40 per annum, again without the US$ option.

Programme change Members are again reminded that the programme for Tuesday 26 September has
been changed to two shorter talks as described on the inside front cover of this issue.

A vision for the future As announced at the AGM on 25 April in the Chairman’s report (see Bull. Brit.
Orn. Cl. 126: 84), Committee is looking at a long-term vision for the future of the Club, and the newly
formed Bulletin Subcommittee (see Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 126: 1) has been tasked to offer advice on
possible future options for the publication, production and distribution of the Bulletin, in the light of rapid
advances in modern technology, including the possibility of an online version. Following the subsequent
dinner that evening, Michael Casement gave a brief explanation to all present of the background and
hopes for this major review, and listed the main issues to be addressed:

A. The Bulletin When this becomes available online, what is the likely print-run for hard-copies for
(i) individual members, and (11) for Libraries and Institutions?

B. Membership How should we encourage recruitment in order to maintain a viable membership that
justifies the production and distribution costs of hard copies of the Bulletin?

C. Publications policy Now that BOC largely finances the publication of the Checklist series, what
should be our policy for the BOC Occasional Publication series?

D. Sales policy For Bull. BOC back numbers: complete issues, and / or individual papers, CDs, DVD
or PDFs?

E. Website (i) What additional features do we need to promote membership and sales? (11) When will
full ‘searchability’ of Bull. BOC (by authors and subjects) be achieved? (111) What cross-referencing
between BOC and BOU websites is desirable?

F. Dinner meetings What, if any, changes to the current arrangements, and frequency, is desirable?

G Relationship with BOU What further scope is there for BOU to assist BOC in pursuing its
objectives, and conversely for BOC to complement the activities of the BOU?

The Bulletin Subcommittee subsequently met on 3 May, and their initial recommendations on items A-E
above are now under active consideration by the Committee.

New members Committee is pleased to welcome the following new members who were formally elected
at the meeting held on 6 June 2006: Mr U. Perktas (Turkey) and Mr J. L. Dunn (USA).

Club Announcements 166 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The 938th meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday 6 June 2006, in the Sherfield Building Annexe,
Imperial College, London. Twenty members and seven guests were present.

Members attending were: Cdr. M. B. CASEMENT, RN (Chairman), Miss H. BAKER, D. R.
CALDER, Major P. CARR, RN (Speaker), Prof. R. A. CHEKE, R. C. DICKEY, D. J. FISHER, F. M.
GAUNTLETT, Dr J. P. HUME, G P. JACKSON, R. H. KETTLE, R. R. LANGLEY, Dr C. F. MANN,
D. J. MONTIER, Dr R. P. PRYS-JONES, P. J. SELLAR, S. A. H. STATHAM, C. W. R. STOREY, Cdr.
F. S. WARD, RN, and P. J. WILKINSON

Guests attending were: Mrs C. R. CASEMENT, Mrs J. CALDER, M. EASTERBROOK, Mrs M. H.
GAUNTLETT, J. HUGHES, Mrs M. MONTIER and Cdr. J. M. TOPP, RN.

After dinner, Major Peter Carr gave a most informative talk, Bikes, boats and boobies—an ornitho-
logical survey of Diego Garcia. Speaking on behalf of the Royal Navy Birdwatching Society (RNBWS),
Major Carr detailed the findings of the society’s expedition to Diego Garcia, the largest atoll in the
Chagos archipelago in the central Indian Ocean. The RNBWS visited Diego Garcia in May 2005, spon-
sored by the RSPB and the FCO Overseas Territories Environmental Programme, to monitor the seabirds
of the recently designated Important Bird Area (IBA) centred upon Barton Point. The talk commenced
by showing views of the atoll and went on to cover both Man’s historic influence on the seabirds of the
Chagos and to highlight the major ornithological works covering the islands. It is of interest that there is
a paucity of reliable data covering the internationally important seabird populations of the Chagos and
that Sea Swallow (the journal of RNBWS) probably contains more references to the birds found there
than all other journals combined. The talk went on to discuss the findings of the expedition. Transect
work in Barton Point IBA was difficult due to the dense habitat, but the team recorded 4,327 breeding
pairs of Red-footed Booby Sula sula in May Z005 (the minimum for IBA status being 3,000 pairs), and
it was encouraging that this species appears to have been increasing on Diego Garcia since the early 20th
century. The expedition also conducted a full ornithological survey of Diego Garcia and appears to have
recorded at least two new species for the Chagos, Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica and White-
cheeked Tern Sterna repressa. The full expedition report detailing all of the findings can be found in Sea
Swallow 54 (2005) and details of the society are available at www.mbws.org.uk.

CORRIGENDUM

In Donegan & Huertas (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 126: 94-116), it is stated that the holotype of Atlapetes
latinuchus yariguierum is specimen no. ICN-34016, but the correct number is ICN-34812.

Michael Walters 167 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The birds of Mark Catesby’s The natural history
of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands

by Michael Walters

Received 4 November 2004; final revision received 3 Fuly 2006

The plates of Mark Catesby’s The natural History of Carolina ... contain many of
the first satisfactory descriptions of North American birds. Indeed, many formed the
basis for binomials in Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae (1758), and today these birds bear
Linnaeus’ names based on Catesby’s engravings and descriptions. Less well known
is that the original watercolours on which the engravings in the book were based
were purchased by King George III in 1768 and are housed in the Royal Library in
Windsor Castle. They were discussed by McBurney (1997). In several cases the
originals differ considerably from the final plate and in a few depict birds omitted
from the published version. Despite the scrutiny to which the book has been
subjected, a few of the birds Catesby depicted have never been satisfactorily
identified. Catesby’s birds have previously been discussed, notably by Allen (1951)
and Feduccia (1985); the principal purpose here is to comment on the unidentified
and doubtfully identified species. Are they, for instance, errors on the part of
Catesby, or do they represent species that once occurred in south-eastern North
America?

In the course of conserving the Windsor watercolours during the 1990s, these
were removed from the volumes in which they had been bound (McBurney 1997)
and in a few cases preparatory pencil or ink sketches were found on the reverse.
These were partly discussed by McBurney (1997) and are further discussed here. In
the following account, the first number indicates Catesby’s published plate number.
A prefix ‘A’ indicates that the plate occurs in the Appendix of Catesby’s book. This
number is followed by Catesby’s original English name and (in the case of identified
species) by the current vernacular name and by the current scientific name.

8. Whip-poor Will = Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor. Feduccia (1985) identified this as a
composite of two birds, Chuck-will’s-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis and Common Nighthawk
Chordeiles minor. The original watercolour is clearly of C. minor.

10. The Parrot of Paradise = Unidentified ‘Psittacus paradisi’ Linnaeus. This is probably the most
controversial of Catesby’s unidentified birds. It was identified (Salvadori 1891: 316) as a leucistic
White-headed [Cuban] Amazon Amazona leucocephala. Whilst the total absence of blue pigment in
a specimen of the latter would produce a bird not unlike Catesby’s, the absence of a white forehead
would seem to rule out this identification. Catesby’s account implies that he saw the bird alive and,
as he was a most careful observer, there can be little doubt of the accuracy of his description: ‘Is
somewhat less than the common African grey parrot; the bill white, the eyes red; the upper part of
the head, neck, back and wings, of a bright yellow, except the quill feathers of the wing, which are
white: the neck and breast scarlet, below which is a wide space of yellow; the remainder of the under
part of the body scarlet; half way of the under part of the tail, next the rump, red, the rest yellow. All
the yellow [plumes*], particularly the back and rump, have the ends of the feathers tinged with red;
the feet and claws white . . . It was shot by an Indian on the Island Cuba; and being thus disabled

Michael Walters 168 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

23:

bile

32.

34.

35:

36.

44.

46.
50)

54.

58.

60.

61.

64.

from flying, he carried it to the Governor of the Havana, who presented it to a Gentlewoman of
Carolina, with whom it lived some years, much admired for its uncommonness and beauty.’

* ‘Toutes les plumes jaunes’ is given in the French text, word omitted in the accompanying English
text.

. Hairy Woodpecker = Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus. The verso shows a very faint pencil

outline sketch of a bird, a probably unidentifiable passerine.

Pigeon of Passage = Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius. The verso is inscribed in brown ink
(not in Catesby’s hand, fide McBurney 1997), and reads ‘A Virginia Wood Pidgeon comes in / Winter
season [sic].’

Little Thrush = Unidentified ‘Turdus minimus’ Catesby. Thought perhaps to be a poor illustration of
a Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus (Allen 1951).

Lark = Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris. The ‘Tit Lark,’ another bird appearing on this watercolour
but omitted from the published plate, appears to be unidentifiable. The verso appears to be a pencil
sketch of the upper figure (i.e. the Horned Lark).

Cow-pen bird = female Cowbird Molothrus sp. Feduccia (1985) identified this as Brown-headed
Cowbird Molothrus ater.

Little Sparrow = Unidentified. The “Yellow Tit,’ omitted from the published plate but appearing on
the watercolour, appears to be unidentifiable.

Snow-bird = Dark-eyed Junco (lower figure) Junco hyemalis. The original watercolour shows both
the ‘Snow-bird’ (Dark-eyed Junco) and the ‘Purple Finch’ which appear on Pl. 36 and 41
respectively.

Painted Finch = Painted Bunting Passerina ciris. The original watercolour depicts two birds, both
referred to as ‘Painted Finch.’ Only the upper figure appears in the published plate. The lower figure
is not the Painted Bunting and appears to be the same as the ‘Blue Linnet’ i.e. the Indigo Bunting,
which appears on Pl. 45. The verso is a preliminary sketch for Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides
forficatus, very similar to an outline of RL 24817.

Chatterer = Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum. The verso seems to be a sketch of seed pods.

Yellow Breasted Chat = Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens. The verso is another sketch of the
Swallow-tailed Kite, less complete than that on RL 25875; part of the body has been gone over in
pen and ink, but the feet remain in pencil only. There is an inscription which reads ‘Houk hoo is the
bird.’

Little Brown Flycatcher = Unidentified? ‘Muscicapa fusca’ Catesby. Thought perhaps to represent
the Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus (Allen 1951). Feduccia (1985) identified it as Eastern
Wood Pewee Contopus virens.

Yellow-rump = Unidentified ‘Parus uropygio luteo’ Catesby. Probably the Yellow-rumped or Myrtle
Warbler Dendroica coronata (Allen 1951, Feduccia 1985), but is unconfirmed.

Hooded Titmouse = Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina. The verso of RL 25896 (Purple-berried Bay
Tree) shows the head and neck of an unidentifiable heron, painted in grey watercolour with a yellow
bill and yellow skin around the eye. The neck is very long and snake-like. The eye is black.

Pine Creeper = Unidentified. This has been thought to represent the Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus
(Allen 1951) but to me it does not appear identifiable. The watercolour depicts two birds, the
unidentifiable lower of which was published on Pl. 61, and the upper (the Yellow-throated Warbler
Dendroica dominica) on P|. 62.

Finch-Creeper = Parula Warbler Parula americana? Allen (1951) stated that this plate only
‘probably’ represented the Parula Warbler; nevertheless Linnaeus’ name (the one current for the
species) is based solely on Catesby’s plate and description. Though the plate contains some
inaccuracies, Catesby’s description is reasonably accurate and I am satisfied that this is the species
he was attempting to depict.

Michael Walters 169 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

oT.

78.

81.

84.

87.

A2.

A3.

AS.

Little White Heron = Unidentified ‘Ardea alba.’ The original Windsor watercolour appears to be
missing, but a pencil sketch of the bird appears on the verso of no. 76 (reproduced by McBurney
1997: 62). The Little White Heron has usually been tentatively identified as a young Little Blue
Heron, but the description does not entirely agree. Though depicted with a yellow bill, Catesby states
quite clearly that the bill is red, irides yellow and legs and feet green, which does not agree with any
heron known from the area. He continued: “I believe they breed in Carolina, but I have never seen
any of them in the winter.’

Brown Bittern = Unidentified ‘Ardea stellaris.’ This bird was said by Catesby to be smaller than the
English Bittern. “These birds frequent fresh Rivers and Ponds in the upper parts of the Country,
remote from the Sea.’ Feduccia (1985) tentatively identified it as Yellow-crowned Night Heron
Nyctanassa violacea.

Wood Pelican = Wood Ibis (Wood Stork) Mycteria americana. A pencil sketch of the head appears
beside the drawing.

Red Curlew = Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber. This is the only identifiable species depicted by Catesby
that does not normally occur in the area. Catesby may have encountered a vagrant. On the other
hand, Feduccia (1985) suggested that the bird may formerly have had a broader range than it does
now.

Booby = Brown Booby Sula leucogaster. A pencil sketch of the head with open bill appears beside
the drawing.

The verso of 26031 (Mastic Tree) has a pencil sketch of Laughing Gull Larus atricilla (RL
25924). The sketch is in exactly the same attitude as the finished drawing. The verso of RL 26032
(Ground Squirrel) shows part of the outline of the Tyrant (RL 25890) but only the foot of the bird is
visible (McBurney 1997: 116).

Razor-billed Blackbird = Ani Crotophaga sp. This is a watercolour by George Edwards from a live
specimen (possibly then in the Sloane Collection) seen in 1743. Feduccia (1985) identified it as
Crotophaga ani. The verso shows quite detailed preliminary sketches for this drawing, with several
handwritten notes by Edwards of differing dates. The verso was reproduced, and the text of the notes
transcribed, by McBurney (1997: 68).

Yellow&Black Pie = Unidentified. This is evidently an oriole of the genus /cterus, but does not seem
to agree with any extant species. It is closest to the Troupial /cterus icterus, but lacks any white in
the wings.

Head of ‘the largeste crested heron’ = Unidentified. This is one of the most interesting cases. The
bird is known only from Catesby’s description. Latham (1785, 3: 85; 1824, 9: 80) and Pennant (1785,
2: 443) gave abridged descriptions based on that of Catesby. Both Latham and Gmelin (1788, 1: 630)
treated it as a synonym of the Great Blue Heron A. herodias. ‘As I did not measure the length of this
bird, I can only guess it to be not less than four feet and a half high, when erect. The bill measured
almost eight inches from the angle of the mouth to the end of it; and was of a yellowish brown colour
behind the eyes; and under the throat of a light brownish yellow. The crest on its head was made up
of long narrow brown feathers; the longest being five inches in length, which it could erect and let
fall at pleasure. The neck and breast brown, but paler, and spotted on the under part. The rest of the
body and legs brown, except the quill feathers; which are black. They feed not only on fish and frogs,
but on lizards, efts, etc. They are natives of Virginia.’ (Catesby). The plate accompanying Catesby’s
description depicts only the head and neck of the bird. This shows a large brown heron with the crest
set very far back on the head. No one has ever taken this description seriously, despite the general
excellence of Catesby’s work. Ridgway (1878) remarked scathingly: ‘This is either an entirely
mythical species, or else the figure and description are drawn from recollection. The figure quoted
above is absolutely unlike any known American bird, Heron or Crane, while the description . . .
cannot be made to apply to Ardea herodias. Although Linnaeus quotes Catesby among his citations
under A. herodias, his description, which is based on Edwards’s Ardea fusca canadensis, 1s perfectly
applicable to the adult of A. herodias.’ Yet there is a perfectly plausible explanation for Catesby’s

Michael Walters 170 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

heron, i.e. that the bird was a species of extremely limited distribution, which has subsequently died
out.

A7. Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus sp. Feduccia (1985) identified it as Regulus satrapa.

A8. Storm Petrel = an unidentifiable Hydrobatidae. Feduccia (1985) tentatively identified it as Wilson’s
Petrel Oceanites oceanicus.

A9. Whip-poor-Will = Unidentified. Allen (1951) stated: ‘This is one of Catesby’s poorest plates
showing a long-tailed large-footed bird of yellowish brown colour with peculiar hair-like bristles
around the bill. The bird, probably dead, was sent to him by a Mr. Clayton of Virginia, and this may
account for the poor likeness.’ Feduccia (1985) identified it as a composite of the Whip-poor-will
Caprimulgus vociferus and Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor.

Acknowledgements

I thank Henrietta McBurney, Robert Pris-Jones and Mark Adams for their help and advice in preparing
this note.

References:

Allen, E. G 1951. The history of American ornithology before Audubon. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., New
Ser. 41: 387-591.

Catesby, M. 1731-43. The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. 2 vols. London.

Feduccia, A. (ed.) 1985. Catesby ss birds of colonial America. Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill
& London.

Gmelin, J. F. 1788. Systema Naturae. Thirteenth edn. Lipsiae.

Latham, J. 1781—55. A general synopsis of birds. 3 vols. London.

Latham, J. 1821—24. A general history of birds. 10 vols. Winchester.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Tenth edn. Lipsiae.

McBurney, H. 1997. Mark Catesbys natural history of America. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

Pennant, T. 1785. Arctic zoology. 2 vols. London.

Ridgway, R. 1878. [Footnote.] Bull. US Geol. & Geogr. Survey 4: 239.

Salvadori, T. 1891. Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 20: Trustees of the Brit Mus.,
London.

Address: Osprey’s Nest, 62 Mark Street, Portrush, Co. Antrim BT56 8BU, Northern Ireland, e-mail:
mpwalters62@btinternet.com.

A complete list of the birds illustrated in Catesby’s work The natural history of Carolina, Florida and
the Bahama Islands and a longer version of the present manuscript is available on request from the

author— THE EDITOR

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. jing! Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle.
Part III. Birds: new avian names,
their authorship and their dates

by Frank D. Steinheimer, Edward C. Dickinson
& Michael Walters

Received 1 Fune 2005

The classic and often-cited book The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle is a
puzzling work presenting problems in both the authorship of species names and the
dating of the names. This paper complements the summary of known specimens
provided by Steinheimer (2004), where the correction of all names and dates was
not an objective, and sets forth our detailed findings.

Why should the work itself be puzzling? Because although both the title and
half-title pages make clear that John Gould was to be its author, there is evidence
within the work that he was not the sole author. And there is abundant evidence in
other forms that permits an understanding of the roles of the three ‘players’: Charles
Darwin (1809-82), John Gould (1804—81) and George Robert Gray (1808-72). This
paper reports on our examination of each new avian name in the work with the
objective of determining the authorship, taking account of Art. 50 of the
International code of zoological nomenclature, fourth edn. (ICZN 1999) (‘the
Code’). That Article requires a distinction be made between evidence in the work
itself and that available externally.

In this paper we use ‘part’ in relation to an issue with its own wrapper and ‘Part’
for the combination of parts covering a subject such as birds. This latter usage is that
of Darwin; sum of the five parts on birds comprised Part III.

Dating parts can be resolved by reference to Sherborn (1897) who, in August
1895, consulted the information held by the printers (Smith, Elder & Co., London)
and listed the dates of the parts, their pagination and incorporated plates. However
Sherborn’s information merits comment. There were five parts on birds, here
numbered with Roman numerals (III, VI, IX, XI and XV') as in the bottom left-hand
corner of the wrappers; these numbers relate to the Zoology as a whole. The part
number in the Part appears in the top left-hand corner of the wrapper, i.e. on the
wrapper for Part III the entry at the top left is “No. 1 of Part III’. The wrappers have
the year shown in Roman numerals in the centre near the bottom, and the month in
the bottom right-hand corner. Sherborn did not mention having examined a set with
wrappers; had he done so it would have been characteristic of him to mention this.
However, the details he gave agree completely with those on the wrappers as we
confirm below.

'Confusingly Roman numerals were used for these as well as for Parts (or volumes)!

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 172 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The bird plates, ten per part, bore Roman numerals in a numeric series specific
to the volume on birds (with part HI containing Plates I-X, part VI containing Plates
XI-XX, and so on). The text for species depicted in the plates was not always
published concurrently with the plates. The plates were labelled with scientific
names; thus, in some cases the name first appeared on a plate and the issue of
authorship must be examined in that light. There are also instances where the name
on the plate differs from that in the text and in these cases we find examples where
the text name appeared before that on the plate and vice versa. Each case must be
examined for issues of priority when deciding upon the authorship of a name. And,
finally, there appeared to be two ‘states’ in which this work can be found.

Twenty-eight of Darwin’s new birds from the voyage were laid before the
Zoological Society of London and their descriptions published in its Proceedings.
We have included these cases, where Gould was always the author, as well as the
many more first named within the book to ensure this report is comprehensive. We
also comment on a situation where the name on a plate in the book is attributable to
a prior publication in these Proceedings, and a case where the author is Bonaparte
and not Gould. We omit two names? that might seem to be associated but which
appeared earlier and seem to have been based on material obtained by Philip Parker
King (1791-1856).

One of the descriptions in the Zoology was evidently based, not on material
collected by Darwin, but by Captain Robert FitzRoy (1805-65); this, discussed
later, is the lone specimen of Strix punctatissima Gould & G. R. Gray, in Gould,
1838b. Gray, working at the BMNH, to which Captain FitzRoy had donated his
collection in February 1837, had FitzRoy’s material available, and certainly
consulted some of his birds for the work on the Zoology, not least this specimen.

Evidence of authorship

As an example of the misunderstanding of Darwin’s role, it may be observed that
Traylor (1979: 20) listed “Pachyramphus albescens Darwin, 1839’, and indicated
that Gould supplied the locality; in fact Darwin would have supplied the locality and
Gould the description and name. Authorship flows from the provision of the
description and the proposal of the scientific name.

*Orpheus modulator Gould, 1836, and Troglodytes magellanicus Gould, 1837. The name Troglodytes
magellanicus Gould, 1837: 88, considered by Warren & Harrison (1971: 321) to be based on a specimen
from Darwin’s collection, was in fact described from a specimen exhibited at the 11 October 1836
meeting of the Zoological Society of London, chaired by Joseph Cox, Esq., as was Scytalopus fuscus
Gould, 1837, described on the following page. The specimens used to describe these species probably
derived from P. P. King’s collection, both being from ‘Fretum Magellanicum’ [Strait of Magellan] (cf.
King et al. 1839). Darwin had returned to Britain, in HMS Beagle, on 2 October (Sauer 1998a: 143), but
was now without his collections; none of Darwin’s bird specimens was accessible to Darwin, let alone
other scientists, until December 1836 (cf. Steinheimer 2004).

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 173 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

That Gould was the original author of the ‘Birds’ (Part III) is apparent from the
title page where, under the series title, one finds ‘edited and superintended by
Charles Darwin’, but the half title makes clear that the birds were ‘described by John
Gould’ and that Darwin furnished ‘a notice of their habits and ranges’. This ‘notice’
is not one notice but many, all forms dealt with including at least a range statement,
but many have short to long accounts of their habits as well, copied from Darwin’s
original zoological and ornithological field notes (Barlow 1963, Keynes 2000). In
the ‘Advertisement’ which serves as Darwin’s unsigned introduction, Darwin
remarked that he had considered using initials to signal shares of such texts but said,
of Gould, that ‘as it may be known that he is responsible’ for the description of the
genera and species ‘this appeared to me useless’. Darwin sometimes enlarged
Gould’s descriptions, but the work does not tell us which and in the circumstances
the recognition of Darwin as the author of any specific or generic name would
require case-sensitive supporting evidence to meet the requirements of the Code.

As Gould developed his text he employed a ‘convention’, then current,
signalling a change in the generic attribution of a known species by adding ‘Gould’.
From the synonymies inserted in the species accounts it is immediately apparent
from whom he drew the specific binomen, although the title of the original work of
the author named is not always evident.

In the case of birds that Gould had already described in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, in the Zoology he usually cited the year and page
number, but he did not always do so.

When Gould and his wife Elizabeth (180441) left for Australia, on 16 May
1838 (Sauer 1998a: 243), Darwin turned to Gray, apparently on Gould’s advice as
Gray wrote to Gould ‘I have undertaken to assist Mr. Darwin in his and your book,
I believe you requested him to seek me for that purpose’ (Sauer 1998b: 28). As
Darwin wrote in the ‘Advertisement’, ‘I was left in doubt on some essential points.
Mr. George Robert Gray, the ornithological assistant in the Zoological department
of the British Museum, has in the most obliging manner undertaken to obviate this
difficulty, by furnishing me with information with respect to some parts of the
general arrangement, and likewise on that most intricate subject—the knowledge of
what species have already been described, and the proper use of generic terms.’

The first of these two points was well taken, as Alcide d’Orbigny (1802-57),
after his Latin American collecting in 1826-33, busily published the zoological
results, mostly in joint papers with Baron Frédéric de Lafresnaye (1783-1861)
(d’Orbigny & Gervais 1835-47, d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye 1837, 1838). In cases
where these authors described new genera the generic names used by Gould in his
draft might be expected to be subject to consequential corrections. But in addition
there were opportunities for misidentification with existing genera and thus for
naming new ones.

Darwin conveyed the impression, in the ‘Advertisement’ (Darwin 1838), with
which the Zoology opens, that he edited Gray’s comments into the text, but Darwin
seems to have relied heavily on Gray; the proofs of the second part on birds went to

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 174 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Gray on 4 December 1838 (Burkhardt & Smith 1986: 136) and the part was
published in January 1839, and subsequently Darwin is reported writing to Gray
urging him to complete the manuscript (Burkhardt & Smith 1986: 280). These notes
support our impression that Gray himself made changes and additions, with the
relevant specimens available to him, and that Darwin edited these or some of these
after the fact.

Whichever was the process, the result is that the name G. R. Gray appears widely
in contexts suggesting his authorship. To a point this is consistent with Darwin’s
note, again in the ‘Advertisement’, that ‘I shall endeavour in every part of the text
to refer to Mr. G. R. Gray’s assistance, where I have used it’. In July 1838 notes sent
to Gould by Edwin Charles Prince (1809-74), his secretary, record the latter’s view
that ‘the whole is indifferently written’ (Sauer 1998a: 263). The Goulds left
Australia for England on 9 April 1840 and returned in August 1840 before the last
part was published, but we know of no evidence that the content of part 15 then
came under Gould’s review.

Gray followed the same convention as Gould. Thus, there are names with ‘“G R.
Gray’ attached to them that were due to generic reassignment. For a time, but not in
this work nor perhaps as early as this, the practice of signalling such reassignments
by using ‘nov. comb.’ was general, and helpful. The current practice of continuing
to credit authorship to the original describer but with his name placed within
parentheses was not to emerge for some time, although the reasons for addressing
this matter were clear to others (Strickland 1842). Darwin was much in favour of
continuing to ascribe the species name to the original author, and not to the author
of any new combination (see letter to Leonard Jenyns in Burkhardt & Smith
1986: 317).

The role of Darwin

The title and half title of this work do not give any cause to credit a name to
Darwin’s authorship. That such authorship needs to be considered is because
Darwin has been widely credited with the generic name Myiobius, and to the
evidence of Gray’s involvement, its limitations and related concerns as to Darwin’s
full acceptance of Gray’s work. Art. 50.1.1 of the Code (ICZN 1999) comes into
play where there is a case when a name proposed in a work lacks clear authorship.
In the context of the Zoology as a whole Darwin would be rightly recognised as “the
person who publishes the work’, but in the context of the ‘Birds’ he made it clear
that he had delegated this primary role to Gould. Were this not the case then all the
new names we attribute to Gould, except those published in the preliminary papers
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, would have to be attributed
to Darwin & Gould.

Darwin should be considered an author only if there is good reason to believe
that the name was not included in Gould’s manuscript and where the name of Gray
is not made explicit in the text in the context of the case concerned, or Gray’s role

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. eS Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

is unclear from the work as a whole (including Darwin’s Corrigenda in 1841). In this
context Recommendation 50A? of the Code (ICZN 1999) has been considered.
The sole case in which we believe Darwin should be considered the author of a
name is that of Milvago leucurus. In the text, Darwin in Gould (1838c: 15) makes
clear that Gray discovered Forster’s unpublished drawing with this name ‘written on
it’, so we know that Gray did not coin the name, and it is apparent, from the first
person singular account given, that Darwin adopted and published the name. It
should thus be cited as Milvago leucurus Darwin (ex Forster MS), in Gould, 1838b.

Citation of names from the plates

If Gould did not first name the new birds in a preliminary paper their names are cited
from whichever appeared first, the text or the plate. If the plate appeared first the
author of the name must be Gould. It is known that Gould sketched the plate content
and after verification of the final execution and proposed colouring by Elizabeth, his
wife, permitted her to draw on the lithographic stones; and that all the lithographic
stones were finished by the time the Goulds left for Australia (Darwin 1838: 1).
Gould coined most of the new names which appear on the plates.

Because the timetable relating the plates to the text parts seems to have been
ignored for most of the 19th century, credit for the name Strix punctatissima has
been accorded to ‘G. R. Gray, 1839’, the text date. However, the plate appeared a
year earlier in July 1838. Normally one would attribute such a name to the person
responsible for the publication of the plate, which we consider to have been Gould?.
However, in the text Gray adds his name to that given to this taxon and he evidently
wrote the description. As authorship may be determined on the basis of the work as
a whole we consider that Gould and Gray should be credited with the name on the
plate and that it should be cited as Strix punctatissima Gould & G. R. Gray, in Gould,
1838b.

It seems likely that this species would not have come to Gould’s notice had not
Gray drawn attention to it; and this probably occurred before February 1838 when
Darwin asked Gould to recommend which subjects be depicted. We have enquired
if the Darwin archives, at Cambridge University Library, hold any documentation
suggesting a change in the planned plate coverage, but if they do it has not been
found (P. White pers. comm. 31 November 2004).

3This Recommendation deals with multiple authorship: it includes the sentence ‘Co-authors of the whole
work who have not had such direct responsibility for the name should not automatically be included as
authors of the name’.

4TIn a letter to Gould, on 18 February 1838, Darwin asked him to choose the subjects ‘most worthy being
done’, and to ask Gould’s primary colourist Gabriel Bayfield (1781—1870) if he would agree to colour them.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 176 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Potential dual authorship

Other than the case of Strix punctatissima, the only cases where there would appear
to be an argument for accepting joint authorship of a name would seem to be cases
where Gould authored the description and supplied a scientific name, which Gray
cited as a MS name and then employed with a changed generic name.

In the context of the Code (ICZN 1999; Art. 51.3) published names, following
their removal to another genus, retain their original authorship but the author’s name
and date are to be placed in parentheses. Thus, we have the case of ‘7yrannulus
magnirostris Gould, 1838’°, which dates from Plate VIII in part 3 of the Zoology,
which becomes ‘Myiobius magnirostris (Gould, 1838)’ when the change in generic
assignment proposed in the text, by Gray, is followed. In this instance, when the text
appeared in part 9 in 1839, Gray’s authorship did not appear after Myiobius
magnirostris on p. 48.

Above this, on p. 48, we find Myiobius parvirostris; below this name, in a style
identical to the previous case, appears ‘7yrannula parvirostris, Gould, MS’. There
is no plate so this page is where the name first appears. It is clear from the context,
but not explicit beside the printed binomen, that Gray is the author of the corrected
name. Gray’s name appears on p. 46 beside the newly proposed generic name (see
below). In this case the Code might appear to sanction the attribution of the name to
Darwin, however Art. 50.1.1 requires the author’s name, i.e. Gray’s name, to be
explicit in the work and we judge that this requirement is met and that Gray must be
credited with the name. Although Gould’s name was cited as a MS name, Gray
retained parvirostris and it is probable that Gould, and not Gray, wrote the
description and he, Gould, must share credit for the new name. It should be cited as
Myiobius parvirostris Gould & G. R. Gray, in Gould, 1839b.

The case of Myiobius auriceps on p. 47 is identical to that of M. parvirostris. It
should be cited as Myiobius auriceps Gould & G R. Gray, in Gould, 1839b.

In the cases of Pachyramphus albescens and P. minimus the situation is
marginally different. The text makes clear that the original names came from Gould,
who used the generic name Pachyrhynchus in his MS. Both these names appeared
on the plates, but the generic name was not that used by Gould, and the later text
makes clear that the new generic name came from Gray.

It is noteworthy that the text sequence suggests that these birds would be
depicted in Plates IX and X, respectively (to be issued with part 3), but their plates
are numbered XIV and XV°, in agreement with the ‘List of Plates’, making it
probable, from the change in the sequence of issue of the plates, that, after Gould

*Names shown in inverted commas are representations of errors. The reference list does not provide for
them.

°Except in the ‘facsimile’ edition where the plate numbers were arranged to follow the sequence of the
text.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 7 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

had left for Australia in May, Darwin and Gray had these lithographic stones
rewaxed so as to use Gray’s corrected generic name. The first use of the generic
name Pachyramphus is thus in fact on Plates XIV and XV in part 6, and not in the
text in part 9, let alone in Gray (1840) as cited by Traylor (1979). The generic name
would thus normally be attributed to Gould not to Gray, but it is clear from the work
as a whole that Gray provided the name, making joint authorship of this generic
name again appropriate. It should be cited as Pachyramphus Gould & G. R. Gray, in
Gould, 1839a.

The discovery that the name Pachyramphus dates from 1839 and not from Gray
(1840) reveals that this generic name is currently used in a way inconsistent with the
requirement that the generic name maintain its links with the type species.’ To
obviate the need to find another name for those species now treated in
Pachyramphus (see Snow 1979: 229-240) application is being made to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve Pachyramphus
G. R. Gray, 1840, and suppress Pachyramphus Gould & G. R. Gray, in Gould, 1839
(Gregory et al. in press).

The generic name Myiobius

This name has attracted prior attention because it is a new name for Tyrannula
Swainson, which was felt to require replacement when the Tyrannidae appeared set
to contain the generic names 7yrannulus Vieillot, 1816, and Tyrannula Swainson,
1827. By the use of its Plenary Powers the ICZN (1956; Opinion 414), although
noting that Swainson’s name was not a homonym, suppressed TZyrannula and
accepted Myiobius Darwin as the replacement name. Nothing in the discussion of
that case touched on whether Darwin was or was not the author of the name.
Zimmer (1952), set out within his proposal, reproduced in full in ICZN (1956;
Opinion 414), that Darwin was its publisher and that Darwin regarded the name
Tyrannula ‘as an invalid junior homonym of Tyrannulus’. The notion that
authorship might not attach to the publisher escaped attention.

However, it is clear from p. 46 of the Zoology that G. R. Gray was its author, not
Darwin. Zimmer (1952) should have seen from the work, especially its introductory
pages, the significant role Gray played and, from p. 46, Gray’s staked claim to
authorship.

The stability of the name is not at issue here and there is no reason why the
authorship of the generic name Myiobius should not be restored to G. R. Gray; there
being no direct evidence of Darwin’s involvement. The name should be cited as
Myiobius G. R. Gray, in Gould, 1839b.

7 In Snow (1979: 229) the type species given for the genus is that given by Gray (1840) but is a species
that was not included in Pachyramphus Gould & G. R. Gray, in Gould, in 1839.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

178 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

TABLE 1

The two ‘states’ of plate lists of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle compared: SK refers to the
copy in The Natural History Museum, South Kensington; these numbers are matched exactly by those
present in an unbound set in original wrappers in the University of London. F is the New York
University Press facsimile edition. Plate numbers are given in Roman numerals.

Name of subject SK F
Progne modestus |modesta] V V
Lichenops erythropterus IX XI
Fluvicola azarae xX XII
Taenioptera variegate XI XI
Agriornis micropterus XII XIV
Agriornis leucurus XII XV

Pachyramphus albescens XIV IX

Pachyramphus minimus XV xX

Upercerthia dumetaria XIX XIX

Opetiorhynchus lanceolatus XX XX

Synallaxis major XXII XXII
Limnornis curvirostris XXV XXVI
Limnornis rectirostris XxVI XXV

Ammodramus xanthornus XXX XXX

Tanagra Darwinii XXXIV XXXIV

Comments

Spelling correction only

Date of taxon potentially affected; case 1.
Date of taxon potentially affected; case 2.

Change in number consequential; no effect on date of
taxon. New name provided (Xolmis variegata), but only in
List of Plates in SK copy.

Change in number consequential; no effect on date of taxon.
Change in number consequential; no effect on date of taxon

Date of taxon potentially affected; case 3. When PI. 14 the
plate sequence no longer follows the text sequence.

Date of taxon potentially affected; case 4. When PI. 15 the
plate sequence no longer follows the text sequence.

List of Plates in SK copy shows spelling correction to
Uppucerthia [sic] dumetoria [sic]. No mention of correction
in the List of Plates in the facsimile.

Comparison shows no change, but List of Plates in SK copy
explains subsequent name change to Opetiorhynchus
nigrofumosus. No mention of correction in the List of Plates
in the facsimile.

List of Plates in SK copy explains subsequent name change to
Anumbius acuticaudatus. No mention of correction in the List
of Plates in the facsimile.

Change of sequence to fit text sequence.
Change of sequence to fit text sequence.

List of Plates in SK copy explains subsequent name change to
Ammodramus manimbe. No mention of correction in the List
of Plates in the facsimile.

List of Plates in SK copy explains subsequent name change to
Aglaia striata. No mention of correction in the List of Plates in
the facsimile.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 179 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Compounding the confusion: two ‘states’ of the work

A ‘facsimile’ edition of The works of Charles Darwin was published in 1987 by
New York University Press, edited by P. H. Barrett & R. B. Freeman. This work
includes the Zoology and the volume on birds includes the following notice ‘The
University of London have kindly given us permission to reproduce the colour
plates from their copy of the original numbers. Several of the captions were altered
when the numbers were rearranged for publication in book form and we have
accordingly reset the captions to conform with the text set from the British Library
copy of the bound volume’.

Comparison between the List of Plates in the facsimile edition and the list of
plates in the bound copy in The Natural History Museum, South Kensington,
revealed differences in plate numbers and/or captions in respect of 15 plates
(Table 1).

In both states, the text, where it contains plate numbers, is consistent. In the
South Kensington copy the numbers given in text with the species accounts and on
the plates all agree with the numbers in the List of Plates; in the facsimile set the
numbers given in the text with the species accounts and on the plates all agree with
the modified List of Plates. In the South Kensington set the List of Plates is
presented in two columns on one page and corrections are given in respect of Plates
XI, XIX, XX, XXII, XXX, XXXIV. By contrast the minor correction from Progne
modesta to Progne modestus is not mentioned. In the facsimile the List of Plates
appears on two pages and no mention appears of any corrections.

Thanks to the authorities at the University of London and at the British Library
two of us (ECD and MPW) have examined the sources used for the creation of the
facsimile edition. The set held by the University of London is in original wrappers
bound as issued. Each of the five parts of the volume comprising the ‘Birds’ is
stitched together and has a dark green tape binding over the spine from c.1 cm into
the front cover to 1 cm into the back cover. The printed face and back are on paper
over thin board and the paper component laps over the edge of the green tape. The
importance of this evidence was emphasised by Roy Moxham, the library’s senior
conservationist, who felt satisfied that this binding is exactly how the parts were
originally issued. In these five parts the plates are grouped at the back. The plates in
the first part are I—X and the plate contents and captions are exactly as they are in
the bound volume in The Natural History Museum, South Kensington. The
wrappers are dated and these dates agree completely with those given by Sherborn
(1897).

The copy in the British Library has been rebound and the binding is so tight that
some of the plate numbers are very difficult to see. It is apparent that they would
have been unsuitable for reproduction. The plate contents and captions are exactly
as they are in the set of original parts and in the copy in NHM. In all three copies,
and evidently the entire print run, the plate numbers do not precisely follow the
sequence in which the captioned species are dealt with in the text.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 180 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

It is no accident that the difference in sequence begins with Plates XIV and XV,
which should have been Plates [X and X. The reason for this was discussed above.
The renumbering of Plates XI, XII and XIII 1s simply a consequence of the first
change. The only other difference in numbering is the transposition of Plates XXV
and XXVI, where it appears that a simple mistake was made when adding the plate
numbers.

So the second part of the notice quoted above should be interpreted to mean:
‘The facsimile edition includes the plates in the order of the sequence of the species
in the text. Some captions were also altered when the numbers were rearranged.
Some plate numbers given in the text were also realigned’.

This change in the wording of the notice is more than a matter of semantics. If
one takes the facsimile edition in conjunction with the information that Plates I-X
were published in 1838 one would find, due to the renumbering, that the dates that
one would derive for the subjects of four plates would be wrong.

We conclude that the unbound copy in original wrappers represents the first
‘state’, that of publication, and that the ‘second state’, the facsimile reprint is
irrelevant and must be disregarded when names are to be dated. We have also found
one spelling error in a generic name that was not in the original, and there may be
more.

Other editions exist (S. M. S. Gregory in litt. 2005) that are facsimiles, e.g. a
1980 edition published by Nova Pacifica, Wellington, New Zealand, and a 1994
printing attributed to the Royal Geographic Society and separately to ‘C.I.L. Ltd.’.
Furthermore there is said to be a 1987 edition with its publication attributed to
‘London’. We have seen none of these, but only the 1980 edition seems certain to
lack the flaws of the New York University Press ‘facsimile’.

Summary of corrections to authorship and date

We provide in Table 2 details of our findings, arranged in sequence of publication.
This commences with taxa named in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London and continues with those named in the Zoology. The table sets out the dates
of the plates and the text in such a way that the priority of one or the other is
apparent from the sequence of our listing and from the data shown.

Column 2 Original names with authors and correct citations 1s the focus of this
table. It is here that the names and citations are taken from the original source. We
use bold type in column | (numeral sequence) to emphasise where we propose to
correct a previous misinterpretation of the authorship or publication date, based on
a comparison with the appropriate parts of Peters’ Check-list (Peters 1934, 1937,
1940, 1945, 1951, 1960a,b, Moreau & Greenway 1962, Lowery & Monroe 1968,
Paynter 1970, Mayr 1979, Snow 1979, Stresemann & Amadon 1979, Traylor 1979).
Although, when we refer to current nomenclature, using the term ‘now’, we use
names and spellings from Peters’ checklist, we add corrected spellings and
subsequent assignments where names used in Dickinson (2003) differ.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 181 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

TABLE 2
Summary of nomenclatural findings in The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle and corrections to
Peters’ Check-list of birds of the world.

Notes: 1) All citations show the date of publication; those from the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. add what is often under-
stood to be the ‘volume year’ in brackets after the page number, but only when publication occurred later. The cita-
tions from the Zoology all refer to Part III as *3’ and the part numbers (3, 6, 9, 11 and 15) are omitted as the volume
has through pagination. 2) With the exceptions of Agriornis maritima and Pyrocephalus coronatus, we do not include
names that were merely new combinations. 3) In the original certain generic names may have been abbreviated; if
accuracy in this respect is required it will be necessary to go to the original. 4) The current name is unchanged, from
that given in column 2, unless indicated. The citations found in Peters’ Check-list are not significantly different,
unless this is indicated below. 5) In all cases of new names published in the Zoology a full citation should include
‘in Darwin’ after the author’s or authors’ name(s), e.g. Pyrocephalus nanus Gould, 1838, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. HMS
Beagle, 3. Pl. VII. We do not follow this here for lack of space. 6) The name Aglaia striata appears in the List of
Plates as a replacement name for Zanagra Darwinii (which was described by Bonaparte, 1838). The change of name
reflected Gray’s awareness of the prior name. Aglaia striata was attributed in the text (p. 97) to d’Orbigny &
Lafresnaye. This was placed in synonymy of Thraupis bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) by Sclater (1886: 164) and in cur-
rent understanding Aglaia striata is a synonym of the nominate form. Plate XXXIV almost certainly depicts a bird
from Maldonado, Uruguay.

Names proposed in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
(dates follow Duncan 1937)

Original names with authors Comments
and correct citations

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: Gould, 1837b Published not before 3 October 1837

al GEOSPIZA Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 5.

a2 Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837, Now Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 5.

a3 Geospiza strenua Gould, 1837, Synonym of Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837; but
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 5. see Sulloway (1982: 65-66) for recognition of strenua.
a4 Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837, Now Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 5.
a5 Geospiza nebulosa Gould, 1837, Treated as unidentified in Paynter (1970: 162 footnote). But
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 5. Sulloway (1982: 65-66), considered Geospiza nebulosa a senior
synonym of Geospiza difficilis Sharpe, 1888, based on a Charles
Island population now extinct. Peter Grant and colleagues are working
on the identity issue ‘and may, after resolving its identity, designate
a lectotype accordingly’ (P. Grant pers. comm. 21 March 2005).
a6 Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837, | Now Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, 1837
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 5.
a7 Geospiza dentirostris Gould, 1837, Synonym of Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837; not listed in Paynter
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6. (1970), but see Hellmayr (1938: 131).
a8 Geospiza parvula Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6. Now Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus (Gould, 1837).

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 182 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

al0

all

al2

al3

al4

al5

al6

al7

Geospiza dubia Gould, 1837,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6. Synonym of Geospiza fortis Gould, 1837; not listed in Paynter (1970),
but see Hellmayr (1938: 131).

CAMARHYNCAUS Gould, 1837, — Proposed as a subgeneric name.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6.

Camarhynchus psittacula Gould, | Now Camarhynchus psittacula psittacula Gould, 1837. The specific

1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p.6. name was spelled psittaculus in the Zoology, but the original name is
invariable.

Camarhynchus crassirostris Gould, Now Camarhynchus crassirostris Gould, 1837.

1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6.

CACTORNIS Gould, 1837, Proposed as a subgeneric name. Not cited in Paynter (1970).

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 6.

Cactornis scandens Gould, 1837, | Now Geospiza scandens scandens (Gould, 1837). Parentheses seem to

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 7. be needed as Gould used the name Cactornis scandens even if he wrote
that Cactornis was a subgeneric name.

Cactornis assimilis Gould, 1837, Not cited in Paynter (1970). Now in synonymy of Geospiza scandens

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 7. subsp.? Darwin was unclear as to the island of origin. Sulloway (1982:
79) suggested that this might be a straggler of the race rothschildi from
Bindloe Island.

CERTHIDEA Gould, 1837, Proposed as a subgeneric name.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 7.
Certhidea olivacea Gould, 1837, Now Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould, 1837.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 7.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: Gould, 1837c Published not before 3 October 1837

Polyborus galapagoensis Gould, Now Buteo galapagoensis (Gould, 1837).
1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 9.

Polyborus (Phalcobaenus) Now Phalcoboenus megalopterus albogularis (Gould, 1837). Art.
albogularis Gould, 1837, 51.3.2 of the Code (ICZN 1999) implies that the name in parentheses
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 9. should be seen as a subgeneric name, and that in this instance the name

Polyborus albogularis Gould, 1837, would be correct, if assigned to
that genus, and that otherwise Phalcoboenas albogularis (Gould, 1837)
would be the rendering required; thus current usage requires parentheses
too. Phalcobaenus albogularis (Gould, 1837) in Dickinson (2003).

Buteo varius Gould, 1837, A synonym of Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824);

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 10. not in Stresemann & Amadon (1979), but see Hellmayr & Conover
(1949: 86).

Circus megaspilus Gould, 1837, A synonym of Circus buffoni (J. F. Gmelin, 1788); not in Stresemann &

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 10. Amadon (1979), but see Swann & Wetmore (1925: 136).

Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837, Now Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 10.

Otus (Brachyotus) galapagoensis | Now Asio flammeus galapagoensis (Gould, 1837).
Gould, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., p. 10.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: Gould, 1837d Published not before 21 November 1837

Caprimulgus bifasciatus Gould, Now Caprimulgus longirostris bifasciatus Gould, 1837.
1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 22.

Caprimulgus parvulus Gould, 1837, Now Caprimulgus parvulus parvulus Gould, 1837.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 22.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

Hirundo frontalis Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 22.

Hirundo concolor Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 22.

Halcyon erythrorhynchus Gould,
1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 22.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: Gould, 1837e

Orpheus trifasciatus Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 27.

Orpheus melanotis Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 27.

Orpheus parvulus Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 27.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: Gould, 1837f

Rhea Darwinii Gould, 1837,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 35.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: Gould, 1838a

Pyrgita lagoensis Gould, 1838,

183 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

This name is preoccupied by Hirundo frontalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830,
a different species. Gould’s name is now a synonym of Zachycineta
leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817); not listed in Peters (1960), but see Sharpe
(1885: 118).

Now Progne modesta modesta Gould, 1838; see also below as this
name comes from the plate and, corrected, from the later text. See also
Dickinson (2003: 533 footnote).

A synonym of Halcyon leucocephala acteon (Lesson, 1830). Gould’s
name was given, erroneously, as Halcyon erythrogastra by Sharpe
(1892: 234). Not listed in Peters (1945), but see Grant (1915: 266).

Published not before 21 November 1837

Now Nesomimus trifasciatus trifasciatus (Gould, 1837). Renamed
Mimus trifasciatus by Gray in the 1839 text. Species since split (as in
Dickinson 2003: 649).

Now Nesomimus trifasciatus melanotis (Gould, 1837). Renamed
Mimus melanotis by Gray in the 1839 text. Species since split (as in
Dickinson 2003: 649).

Now Nesomimus trifasciatus parvulus (Gould, 1837). Renamed Mimus
parvulus by Gray in the 1839 text. Species since split (as in Dickinson
2003: 649).

Published not before 21 November 1837

A synonym of Pterocnemia pennata pennata (d’Orbigny, 1834). For
specific assignment see Mayr (1979: 6).

Published not before 22 January 1838

Now Passer iagoensis iagoensis (Gould, 1838), see Moreau &

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 77 (1837). Greenway (1962: 16). Rendered as jagoensis in both plate and text in

the Zoology, but in the plate named Passer jagoensis. Publication not
before 25 May 1838 (Duncan 1937).

Names proposed in The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle, part 3

part 3, July 1838; Plates I-X,
text pp. 1-16: Gould, 1838b

Milvago leucurus Darwin
(ex Forster MS), in Gould, 1838,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 15.

part 3, July 1838; Plates I-X,
text pp. 1-16: Gould, 1838b

g2 CRAXIREX Gould, 1838,

Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: PI. I.

Names deriving from the text

A synonym of Phalcoboenus australis (J. F. Gmelin, 1788), see Sharpe
(1874: 38). Cite as Darwin in Gould, 1838b.

Names deriving from a plate

Text part 9, p. 22. Not cited in Stresemann & Amadon (1979). New
genus; dating from the plate. Craxirex galapagoensis (p. 23) was the
new combination derived from Polyborus galapagoensis (see above).

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

g10

Strix punctatissima Gould & GR.
Gray, in Gould, 1838, Zool. Voy.
HMS Beagle, 3. P|. IV.

Progne modestus nom. nov. Gould,
1838, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
PLY.

PYROCEPHALUS Gould, 1838,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. VI.

Pyrocephalus parvirostris Gould,
1838, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Ph IVR

Pyrocephalus nanus Gould, 1838,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. VII.

Tyrannula magnirostris Gould,
1838, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. VIII.

Lichenops erythropterus Gould,
1838, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. IX.

Fluvicola azarae Gould, 1838,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. X.

part 6, January 1839; Plates XI-XX;

text pp. 17-32: Gould, 1839a

part 6, January 1839; Plates XI-XX;

text pp. 17-32: Gould, 1839a

AGRIORNIS Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. XII.

184 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Text part 9, p. 34. Peters (1940: 82) correctly and separately dated the
plate and the text. Now (as explained here) Tyto alba punctatissima
(Gould & G. R. Gray, in Gould, 1838b)

Now Progne modesta modesta Gould, 1838, but see also

Dickinson (2003: 533). Note that Peters (1960: 88) cited the name
Progne modesta using the spelling from the text (part 9, p. 39), but the
plate antedates that and the original spelling is modestus as given here
(notwithstanding the ‘correction’ in the ‘facsimile’ edition). New name
for Hirundo concolor Gould, 1837, not Hirundo concolor Sykes, 1832.
In Traylor (1979: 149) this name is cited, using the full form ‘Gould in
Darwin’, from the text (part 9, p. 44) but the name on the two plates
dates from 1838 not 1839, based on Plates VI and VII.

Text is from part 9, p. 44. Gould’s name was treated as a synonym of
Pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus (Boddaert, 1783) by Sclater (1888: 212).
Not listed in Traylor (1979).

Now Pyrocephalus rubinus nanus Gould, 1838. In Traylor (1979: 150)
the full attribution ‘Gould in Darwin’ is used; the second date shown
‘(1841)’ is not correct, except as the date the whole work was
completed, thus it is on the title page for the volume. The first date
given is also wrong as the plate appeared in 1838 and the text in 1839
(part 9, p. 45).

Now Mviarchus magnirostris (Gould, 1838). In the text Gray renamed
this Myiobius magnirostris in part 9, p. 48. The Plate List ignored this.
In Traylor (1979: 204) the full attribution ‘Gould in Darwin’ is used.
A synonym of Hymenops perspicillata perspicillata (J. F. Gmelin,
1789); corrected to Hymenops perspicillatus in Dickinson (2003: 370)
following David & Gosselin (2002: 278). Not listed in Traylor (1979)
but see Sclater (1888: 48). Text is from part 9, p. 52.

A synonym of Xolmis dominicana (Vieillot, 1823). Not listed in Traylor
(1979) but see Sclater (1888: 13). Text is from part 9, p. 53. Dickinson
(2003: 371) followed Lanyon (1986: 47) and employed the monotypic
genus Heteroxolmis.

Names deriving from the text

None.

Names deriving from a plate

Correctly cited from these plates (XII and XIII) in Traylor (1979: 165)
where attributed to “Gould in Darwin’. In the Corrigenda in 1841 the
genus Agriornis was considered to be a synonym of Dasycephala
Swainson. The text was published in part 11, p. 56.

Agriornis micropterus Gould, 1839, Now Agriornis microptera microptera Gould, 1839; corrected to A.

Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. P|. XII.

micropterus by Dickinson (2003: 371) following David & Gosselin,
2002: 275). Cited in Traylor (1979: 167) as attributable to “Gould in
Darwin’, and by implication the text might be assumed to have
appeared at the same time; in fact the text (p. 57) appeared in part 11,
ten months later. In the Corrigenda, in 1841, Gray considered this name
to have been applied to the juvenile of A. striata and thus placed it in

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

Agriornis leucurus Gould, 1839,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. XIII,

PACHYRAMPAUS Gould & G. R.
Gray, in Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. XIV.

Pachyramphus albescens Gould &
GR. Gray, in Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. P|. XIV.

Pachyramphus minimus Gould &
G R. Gray, in Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. XV.

Opetiorhynchus lanceolatus Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
PL XX,

part 9, July 1839; Plates XXI-XXX;

text pp. 33-56: Gould, 1839b

[Pyrocephalus coronatus ‘Auct.’,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. 45.]

Pyrocephalus obscurus Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
Sa.

Pyrocephalus dubius Gould &
GR. Gray, in Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 46.

MYIOBIUS GR. Gray, in Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3: 46

185 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

the synonymy of Dasycephala striata. Note, however, that micropterus
dates from January 1839 and striatus from July 1839.

Now Agriornis montana leucura Gould, 1839; corrected to A.
montanus leucurus in Dickinson (2003: 371) following David &
Gosselin (2002: 275). Renamed Agriornis maritimus in part 11, in
November (see below); this change is not mentioned in the List of
Plates. The text was published in part 11, p. 57.

Gould had intended to use the generic name Pachyrhynchus (see text,
part 9, p. 50). Gray considered that to be inapplicable and applied
Pachyramphus, and then later introduced this generic name in 1840 (in
his List Genera Birds p. 31); which has since been mistakenly thought
to be its first usage (Snow 1979: 229). See our text for implications.

A synonym of Suiriri suiriri suiriri (Vieillot, 1818); as listed in Traylor
(1979: 20) where the name albescens was attributed to ‘Darwin’ (as
regards the validity of this attribution see below under Myiobius
parvirostris and in main text). Gould’s MS name was Pachyrhynchus
albescens. Text, part 9, p. 50.

A synonym of Polystictus pectoralis pectoralis (Vieillot, 1817). Not
listed in Traylor (1979: 50). Gould’s MS name was Pachyrhynchus
minimus. Text, part 9, p. 51. Placed in synonymy by Sclater (1888: 96);
this was rebutted by Allen (1889), but established by Cory & Hellmayr
(1927365).

In the text, part 9 p. 68, this is renamed Opetiorhynchus nigrofumosus;
this is a nov. comb. based on ‘U[ppucerthia] nigro-fumosa’ d’Orbigny
et Lafresnaye, 1838 (p. 23), and the correction is mentioned in the List
of Plates. In the Corrigenda, Darwin noted that Gray had changed the
name to Cinclodes fuliginosus. O. lanceolatus is a synonym of
Cinclodes nigrofumosus (d’Orb. & Lafr., 1838), not listed by Peters
(1951: 68), but see Sclater (1890: 22).

Names deriving from the text

Traylor (1979: 151) treated this as Pyrocephalus rubinus major Pelzeln,
1868. Traylor correctly cited the name used in the Voyage as
‘Pyr[ocephalus| coronatus or Muscicapa coronata of authors’ and used
the full attribution ‘Gould in Darwin’; the second date shown ‘(1841)’
is not correct, except as the date the whole work was completed, this is
on the title page for the volume. We do not consider that Gould and
Gray proposed the name coronatus as new.

Now Pyrocephalus rubinus obscurus Gould, 1839. In Traylor (1979:
151) the full attribution “Gould in Darwin’ is used; the second date
shown ‘(1841)’ is not correct, except as the date the whole work was
completed, thus it is on the title page for the volume. We found no
internal evidence of Gray’s involvement in this name.

Now (based on this paper) Pyrocephalus rubinus dubius Gould & G. R.
Gray, in Gould, 1839. In Traylor (1979: 151) the full attribution
‘Gould in Darwin’ is used; the second date shown ‘(1841)’ is not
correct, except as the date the whole work was completed, thus it is on
the title page for the volume. Note our different opinion as to authorship.
This generic name was proposed as a replacement for Zyrannula
Swainson, 1827, which was thought to be a homonym of, and
preoccupied by, Zyrannulus Vieillot, 1816. See ICZN, 1956 (Opinion

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

110

ill

Myiobius auriceps Gould & G. R.
Gray, in Gould, 1839, Zool. Voy.
HMS Beagle, 3: 47.

Myiobius parvirostris Gould &
GR. Gray, in Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 48.

SERPOPHAGA Gould, 1839,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 49
Serpophaga albo-coronata Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,

3: 49.

Agriornis striatus Gould, 1839,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 56.

part 9, July 1839; Plates XXI-XXX;

text pp. 33-56: Gould, 1839b

EREMOBIUS Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. XXI.

Eremobius phoenicurus Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXI.

Synallaxis major Gould, 1839,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXII.

186 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)
414). Traylor (1979: 116) cited Darwin as the author, this having been
used by Zimmer when proposing to the ICZN that this generic name be
validated and 7yrannula suppressed. See our text for reasons to
recognise Gray as the author. In the New York University Press
facsimile the name is misspelled Myiobus (p. 57 in facsimile; p. 46 in
original).

Now (based on this paper) Myiophobus fasciatus auriceps (Gould &
G. R. Gray, in Gould, 1839). In Traylor (1979: 123) the full attribution
‘Gould in Darwin’ is used. Gould’s MS name was Tyrannula auriceps.
Note that recognition of dual authorship is recommended due to the
involvement of Gould in the drafting and the provision of the specific
name.

Now (following this paper) Colorhamphus parvirostris (Gould & G. R.
Gray, in Gould, 1839). In Traylor (1979: 158) this, named Ochthoeca
parvirostris, was attributed to Darwin. Gould’s MS name was
Tyrannula parvirostris. Note that recognition of dual authorship is
recommended due to the involvement of Gould in the drafting and the
provision of the specific name. If Darwin’s role, as ‘superintendent’
and editor were recognised here then logic would demand he be
recognised as a co-author of every new name in this work and this was
clearly not his intent. It is correct, however, to use the full attribution,
i.e. ‘in Darwin’, where space permits. See Dickinson (2003: 373) for
use of the genus Colorhamphus following Lanyon (1986: 30).

In Traylor (1979: 39) correctly attributed to ‘Gould, 1839, in Darwin’.

A synonym of Serpophaga subcristata straminea (Temminck, 1822); as
listed in Traylor (1979: 42), with a query, where the full attribution
‘Gould in Darwin’ is used; the second date shown ‘(1841)’ is not
correct, except as the date the whole work was completed, thus it is on
the title page for the book.

Although not given in Traylor (1979: 167), a synonym of Agriornis
microptera microptera Gould, 1839; suffix corrected to ‘-us’ in
Dickinson (2003: 371) following David & Gosselin (2002: 275). In the
Corrigenda to the Zoology, Gray (1841) made micropterus ‘juv’ a
synonym of striatus. The name striatus was indeed bestowed on the
adult, but the name microptera has priority.

Names deriving from a plate

Peters (1951: 64) cited this from the text (p. 69) but that is from part
11, and the name dates from the plate in part 9. No change in year to
be cited.

Now Eremobius phoenicurus Gould, 1839. Peters (1951: 64) cited this
giving both the plate number and the text page (69) as if they appeared
together. However the plate had four months priority (the year date
does not change). In the Corrigenda (1841) the generic name was
changed to Enicornis Gray (see below).

Now a synonym of Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817). Not listed by
Peters (1951: 114), but see Cory & Hellmayr (1925: 168). In the
Corrigenda (1841), Gray made this a synonym of Anthus acuticaudatus
Lesson, 1831. Text, part 11, p. 76.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

112 Synallaxis rufogularis Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXIII.

i113 Synalaxis [sic] flavogularis Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXIV.

114 LIMNORNIS Gould, 1839, Zool.
Voy. HMS Beagle, 3. Pl. XXV.

i15 Limnornis curvirostris Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXV.

116 Limnornis rectirostris Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXVI.

il17 DENDRODRAMUS Gould, 1839,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXVII.

il8 Dendrodramus leucosternus Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXVII.

119 Sylvicola aureola Gould, 1839,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3.
Pl. XXVIII.

120 Ammodramus longicaudatus
Gould, 1839, Zool. Voy. HMS
Beagle, 3. Pl. XXIX.

i21_ Ammodramus xanthornus
Gould, 1839, Zool. Voy. HMS
Beagle, 3. Pl. XXX.

187 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Now in the synonymy of Asthenes anthoides (King, 1831), see Sclater
(1890: 70). Generic name spelled Synalaxis [sic] on the original plate
(‘corrected’ on the facsimile). Text, part 11, p. 77.

Now Asthenes pyrrholeuca flavogularis (Gould, 1839). In Peters (1951:
104) the attribution is in full, to ‘Gould in Darwin’; it is also presented
as if the plate and text appeared together. The text (p. 78) appeared
later in part 11. The year date remains 1839, but the citation should be
to the plate. Generic name spelled Synalaxis [sic] on the original plate
(‘corrected’ on the facsimile). Olrog (1962: 117) made flavogularis a
synonym of nominate pyrrholeuca, as did Dickinson (2003: 406).

The citation in Peters (1951: 72), where attribution is to ‘Gould in
Darwin’, is to the text (p. 80); the plate was four months earlier and
should be cited. The year date of the name remains the same.

The citation in Peters (1951: 72), where attribution is to ‘Gould in
Darwin’, is to the text (p. 81) and plate, but the plate was earlier

(see above).

Now Limnoctites rectirostris (Gould, 1839), but restored to Limnornis
in Dickinson (2003: 412), based on Vaurie (1980: 211, 214). Olson et
al. (2005) recently re-established the genus Limnoctites based on
molecular systematics. The citation in Peters (1951: 96), where
attribution is to Gould in Darwin, is to the text (p. 80) and plate, but the
plate was earlier (see above).

Text, part 11, p. 82. A generic synonym of Pygarrhichas Burmeister,
1837. Not listed in Peters (1951: 147), but see Sclater (1890: 126).

Text, part 11, p. 82. A synonym of Pygarrhichas albogularis (King,
1831), not listed in Peters (1951: 148), but see Sclater (1890: 126).

Now Dendroica petechia aureola (Gould, 1839). The citation in
Lowery & Monroe (1968: 19), where attribution is to “Gould in
Darwin’, is to the text (p. 86) and plate, but the plate was earlier

(see above).

Text, part 11, p. 90. Now a synonym of Donacospiza albifrons
(Vieillot, 1817), not listed by Paynter (1970: 112), but see Sharpe
(1888: 766).

Now (after this paper) Myospiza humeralis xanthornus (Gould, 1839),
if treating this species in the genus Myospiza as did Dickinson (2003:
785). Paynter (1970: 80) listed this as ‘Ammodramus humeralis
xanthornus Darwin (ex Gould MS)’ from both text (p. 90) and plate,
but the plate preceded the text, in part 11, by four months. Gould,
however, had sole responsibility for the plate, which has priority and
the authorship must be corrected. The substitute name Ammodramus
manimbe (Gray, 1839) is a junior synonym.

part 11, November 1839; Plates XXXI-XL; Names deriving from the text

text pp. 57-96: Gould, 1839c

- [Agriornis maritimus G. R. Gray,
in Gould 1839, Zool. Voy.
HMS Beagle, 3: 57.]

Now Agriornis montana leucura Gould, 1839a; corrected to A.
montanus leucurus in Dickinson (2003: 275) following David &
Gosselin (2002: 275). Gray (p. 57) renamed Agriornis leucurus Gould,
1839a, calling it Agriornis maritimus. This new combination was based
on Pepoaza maritima d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837, which Gray

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

j10

part 11, November 1839; Plates XXXI-XL;
text pp. 57-96: Gould, 1839c

jul

Synallaxis brunnea Gould, 1839,

Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 78.

Muscisaxicola brunnea Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3: 84.

Melanocorypha cinctura Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3: 87.

Pyrrhalauda nigriceps Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3; 8:

Spermophila nigrogularis Gould,

1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3: 88.

Crithagra ? brevirostris Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3: 88.

Chrysometris [sic] campestris
Gould, 1839, Zool. Voy. HMS
Beagle, 3: 89.

Zonotrichia canicapilla Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
32 91:

Zonotrichia strigiceps Gould,
1839, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3°92:

Fringilla formosa Gould, 1839,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 93.

Chlorospiza ? xanthogramma
& G. R. Gray, in Gould, 1839,

188 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

considered Darwin’s material to be (but d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye’s
name was based on Bolivian birds and Darwin’s was from Patagonia,
and is now considered distinct). In the Corrigenda, in 1841, the genus
Agriornis was considered a synonym of Dasycephala Swainson; this
species was then renamed Dasycephala maritima.

Now a synonym of Asthenes pyrrholeuca flavogularis (Gould, 1839),
not listed by Peters (1951: 104), but see Cory & Hellmayr (1925: 134).
When placed in the synonymy of flavogularis there is no problem over
priority; flavogularis dates from the plate (July 1839) and brunnea
from the text (November 1839). Dickinson (2003: 406) submerged this
subspecies within nominate pyrrholeuca (see above).

The type specimen is missing or lost, and the description insufficient
for this name to be safely placed in synonymy. The name must be
treated as indeterminate; see Sclater (1888: 53, footnote).

Now Ammomanes cincturus cincturus (Gould, 1839); suffix corrected
to give cinctura in Dickinson (2003: 545) following David & Gosselin
(2002: 276). In Peters (1960: 32), where attributed to ‘Gould in
Darwin’, the date cited is wrong and relates to the title page of the
bound volume. This text appeared in November 1839.

Now Eremopterix nigriceps nigriceps (Gould, 1839). In Peters (1960:
31), where attributed to ‘Gould in Darwin’, the date cited is incorrect
and relates to the title page of the bound volume. This text appeared in
November 1839.

Now a synonym of Sporophila caerulescens caerulescens (Vieillot,
1823), not listed in Paynter (1970: 142), but see Sharpe (1888: 126).

Now a synonym of Sicalis luteola luteiventris (Meyen, 1834); see
Sharpe (1888: 382) and Hellmayr (1938: 330).

Now a synonym of Carduelis barbata (Molina, 1782), not listed by
Howell et al. (1968: 245), but see Sharpe (1888: 216).

Now a synonym of Zonotrichia capensis australis (Latham, 1790); not
listed by Paynter (1970: 58), but see Hellmayr (1938: 578).

Now Aimophila strigiceps strigiceps (Gould, 1839); see Paynter (1970:
94) where attributed to ‘Gould in Darwin’; the second date given
‘(1841)’ is misleading and is merely the date from the title page of the
complete volume.

A senior synonym of Phrygilus patagonicus Lowe, 1923, see Paynter
(1970: 105); sometimes treated as a race of Phrygilus gayi Gervais,
1834. In Paynter (1970) mistakenly dated 1841, presumably based on
the title page of the complete volume. Text p. 93 is in part 11 and must
be dated 1839. The name formosa is preoccupied in Fringilla by
Fringilla formosa Latham, 1790, and is thus unavailable.

Names deriving from text and a plate

Now (after this paper) Melanodera xanthogramma
xanthogramma (Gould & G, R. Gray, in Gould, 1839). Paynter

Frank D. Steinheimer et al.

Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 96,
Pl. XXXIII.

part 15, March 1841; Plates XLI-L;
text pp. 97-164: Gould, 1841

kl Emberizoides poliocephalus GR.
Gray, in Gould, 1841, Zool. Voy.
HMS Beagle, 3: 98.

k2 Picus kingii nom. nov. G. R. Gray,
in Gould, 1841, Zool. Voy. HMS
Beagle, 3: 113.

k3 = Squatarola fusca Gould, 1841,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 126.

k4 = Totanus fuliginosus Gould, 1841,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 130.

k5 Porphyrio simplex Gould, 1841,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 133.

k6 = Larus fuliginosus Gould, 1841,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 141.

part 15, March 1841; Plates XLI-L;
text pp. 97-164: Gould, 1841

k7 Zenaida galapagoensis Gould,
1841, Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle,
3215) P). XLVI.

k8 Zapornia notata Gould, 1841,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 132,
Pl. XLVIII.

k9 Zapornia spilonota Gould, 1841,
Zool. Voy. HMS Beagle, 3: 132,
Bie xix.

k10 ENICORNIS G. R. Gray, in
Darwin, 1841, Zool. Voy. HMS
Beagle, 3: [unpag.] Corrig.

189 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

(1970: 109) gave ‘G.R. Gray in Darwin’ and correctly cited from text
and plate. As Gould was responsible for the ‘Birds’ and for this plate,
which appeared with and is integral to the description, we consider him
a co-author of this name.

Names deriving from the text (except Corrigenda)

A synonym of Embernagra platensis platensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789); not
listed by Paynter (1970: 131), but see Sclater (1888: 758).

Proposed as a new name for Picus melanocephalus King, 1831, but we
have not found that name to be preoccupied. Now in the synonymy of
Dendrocopos lignarius (Molina, 1782), see Hargitt (1890: 257).

Not cited in Peters (1934). A synonym of Zonibyx modestus
(Lichtenstein, 1823); see Sharpe (1896: 238), i.e. a synonym of
Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein in Dickinson (2003: 137).

Not cited in Peters (1934). A synonym of Heteroscelus incanus (J. F.
Gmelin, 1789), see Sharpe (1896: 453).

Not cited in Peters (1934). The type is missing and identity to species
is uncertain. Based on Darwin’s stated ‘habitat’ this is likely to be
Porphyrula alleni (Thomson, 1842); see Olson (1973).

Peters (1934: 314) used the full attribution ‘Gould in Darwin’.

Names deriving from text and a plate

Now Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis (Gould, 1841); in Peters
(1937: 88) this name is erroneously dated 1839, presumably in the
belief that text p. 115 was issued in part 9. Dickinson (2003: 166)
recognised the genus Zenaida.

Now Coturnicops notata notata (Gould, 1841), suffix changed to ‘-us’
by Dickinson (2003: 117) to reflect masculine gender; Peters (1934:
193) used the full attribution ‘Gould in Darwin’.

Now Laterallus spilonotus (Gould, 1841); Peters (1934: 190) used the
full attribution “Gould in Darwin’.

Names deriving from the List of Plates
or the Corrigenda: Darwin, 1841.

Proposed as a generic name to accommodate Eremobius phoenicurus
Gould, 1839. Gray believed the name Eremobius had been ‘previously
employed’. The name Enicornis does not seem to have been used.

Frank D. Steinheimer et al. 190 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are due to Alun Ford and Roy Moxham at the library of the University of London and to
Richard Goulden and Lisa Donnelly at the British Library. We are also grateful to the librarians at The
Natural History Museum, South Kensington and Tring, for their assistance. We must thank Steven
Gregory for checking the Internet to determine what other editions exist and for discussions in connection
with the attributions and dating of the generic names Pachyramphus and Myiobius, and for agreeing to
prepare and submit the appropriate application to the ICZN. Finally, we thank Murray Bruce, Christiane
Quaisser, Mary LeCroy and Siegfried Eck for their helpful comments on a draft of this paper. We dedicate
this paper to Dr Siegfried Eck (1942-2005) who, only weeks after refereeing this paper, sadly died. We
shall miss him.

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Addresses: Frank D. Steinheimer, Sylter Strasse 18, D-90425 Nurnberg, Germany, e-mail:
franksteinheimer@yahoo.co.uk. Edward C. Dickinson, Flat 3, Bolsover Court, 19 Bolsover Road,
Eastbourne, East Sussex BN20 7JG, UK, e-mail: edward@asiaorn.org. Michael Walters, 62, Mark
Street, Portrush, Co. Antrim BT56 8BU, Northern Ireland, e-mail: mpwalters62@btinternet.com

S. Cordoba-Cordoba & M. Echeverry-Galvis 194 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Two new hummingbirds for Colombia, Many-
spotted Hummingbird Taphrospilus hypostictus
and Violet-chested Hummingbird
Sternoclyta cyanopectus

by Sergio Cordoba-Cordoba & Maria A. Echeverry-Galvis

Received 4 August 2005

In recent years the east slope of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia has yielded
both species new to science (Stiles 1992), and many new records and range
extensions (e.g. Andrade & Lozano 1997, Salaman et al. 2002, Cordoba &
Ahumada 2005). For the past decade, ornithologists have been working intensively
on this slope, but much remains to be learned. Whilst examining hummingbird
specimens recently collected during biodiversity inventories, we found two not
previously recorded in Colombia.

The first Colombian specimen (and record) of Many-spotted Hummingbird
Taphrospilus hypostictus (sometimes placed in Leucippus: Schuchmann 1999)
concerns a male held in the ornithological collection of the Instituto Alexander von
Humboldt ([AvH). Specimen IAvH-A 11344 has left testis of 2.2 x 1.6 mm and was
collected by A. M. Umajia, S. Sierra & F. Forero, at Vereda La Esmeralda, on the
upper rio Yurayaco, municipality of San José de Fragua, dpto. Caqueta, Colombia
(01°20’N, 76°06’W), at 1,000 m, on 5 September 2000. Weight 9 g. Bare parts: iris
brown, bill pinkish-rose two-thirds from base of mandible, tip and maxilla black.
Tissue sample BT-IAvH 0746 is held in the IAvH Tissue Collection and Molecular
Laboratory, CIAT Facility, Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The specimen
marks a northward range extension for this species of 160 km on the east slope of
the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia from the Ecuadorian border. The collecting site
lies in steep terrain subtropical forest with a canopy height of 20-22 m, frequent
treefall gaps and dense understorey. In Ecuador, it is rare to locally common in
foothills on the east slope at 500—1,200 m (Ridgley & Greenfield 2001), but seems
commonest in the south, around Zamora.

The second species, Violet-chested Hummingbird Sternoclyta cyanopectus, 1s
represented by three specimens (two females and a male), also in I[AvH. Specimen
[AvH-A 10863 is a male, with left testis 3.0 x 2.3 mm, collected by A. M. Umaia,
S. Sierra & M. Alvarez, at Vereda El Diamante, near the rio Negro, municipality of
Toledo, dpto. Norte de Santander, in the National Natural Park Tama (07°07’N,
72°14’W), at 1,100 m, on 26 September 1999. Weight 8 g. Bare parts: iris brown,
bill black and feet grey. Tissue sample BT-IAvH 097 is deposited in the I[AvH Tissue
Collection. Specimen IAVH-A 10893 is a female (no gonad data), collected by A. M.
Umafia, S. Sierra & M. Alvarez, at Vereda El Diamante, Cerro San Agustin,
municipality of Toledo, dpto. Norte de Santander, in the National Natural Park Tama
(07°06’°N, 72°13’W), at 1,500 m, on 28 September 1999. Weight 4 g. Bare parts as

S. Cordoba-Cordoba & M. Echeverry-Galvis 195 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

the previous specimen, but feet dark grey. IAVH-A 10912 is another female, with
ovary 3.9 x 3.4 mm, taken by the same collectors, at the same locality as IavHA
10893, at 1,250 m, on 30 September 1999. Weight 7 g. Bare parts as the previous
specimen. All three were caught in mist-nets placed inside forest. The species had
been expected to occur in Colombia, as it has been recorded near Tachira,
Venezuela, close to the border (Hilty & Brown 1986, Heynen 1999). These
specimens confirm the species’ presence in Colombia, although its range may be
restricted to the upper half of the east slope of the Cordillera Oriental, as it has not
been reported from other suitable localities already sampled, e.g. Cusiana (Boyaca),
Santa Maria or Medina (Cundinamarca), at altitudes where the species might be
expected (Salaman ef al. 2002, SC pers. obs.). In Venezuela, the species inhabits
premontane forest with abundant Heliconia spp., occasionally in coffee plantations,
at 700—2,000 m (Hilty 2003).

New species for the country may still be awaiting recognition in Colombian
natural history collections. A wealth of new data have been published in recent years
and study of bird specimens already deposited in such institutions will doubtlessly
continue to yield new information using standard and newer methodological tools,
such as DNA analysis, if research is promoted.

References:

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Cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. 125: 56—58, 92.

Heynen, I. 1999. Violet-chested Hummingbird Sternoclyta cyanopectus. P. 619 in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A.
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Hilty, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela. Princeton Univ. Press.

Hilty, S. L. & Brown, W. L. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton Univ. Press.

Ridgley, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. 2001. Birds of Ecuador. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.

Salaman, P. G. W., Stiles, F. G, Bohorquez, C. I., Alvarez-R, M., Umania, A. N., Donegan, T. & Cuervo,
A. 2002. New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia. Caldasia
24: 157-189.

Schuchmann, K.-L. 1999. Many-spotted Hummingbird Leucippus hypostictus. P. 593 in del Hoyo, J.,
Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds.) Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Stiles, F. G. 1992. A new species of antpitta (Formicariidae: Grallaria) from the Eastern Andes of
Colombia. Wilson Bull. 104: 379-389.

Address: Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Claustro de San
Agustin, Villa de Leyva, Boyaca, Colombia, e-mail: sergcordoba@yahoo.com

Aasheesh Pittie & Edward C. Dickinson 196 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The correct name of the Sri Lankan Woodpigeon
and the citation for its original description

Aasheesh Pittie & Edward C. Dickinson

Received 10 August 2005

The endemic Sri Lankan Woodpigeon is listed as Columba torringtoni Bonaparte,
1854, by Peters (1937). The citation is preceded by another citation from ‘Kelaart,
1852’ where the name used was Palumbus torringtonii and this was given as a
nomen nudum. However, Warren (1966) credited authorship to Kelaart, 1853, citing
the spelling as ftorringtonii and ‘Kelaart, 1853 in Blyth, Prodromus Faunce
Zeylonice; Appendix C: 35 (published in J. 7 Asiat. Soc. Ceylon Branch, 11 (1853),
pt. 1).’ To cite this Warren must have found a description. Despite this, the name has
continued to be attributed to Bonaparte (Goodwin 1967, Phillips 1978, Ripley 1982,
Dickinson 2003).

The Prodromus Faune Zeylonice, of Kelaart, is a rare publication and details of
its composition, issue (perhaps in parts) and dates of publication are all disputed. So
much so that the comments of our referees led us to abandon any attempt to present
such details as we have developed from copies examined in London, India and Sri
Lanka. There is, we confess, no certainty to be presented.

However, we will state our convictions briefly. Part of the work was printed in
1852 and the title page is dated 1852. There is no evidence known to us that proves
that it was published before 1853. Taylor (1947) concluded that ‘Volume I was
almost certainly published in 1853 and Vol. II in 1854’. We accept those dates.
Taylor also referred to the appendices, the pages that concern us, considering them
to be part of Vol. I, and included ‘The Catalogue of Birds’ stating that this was ‘taken
from the January 1852 issue of the Jour. Ceylon Asiatic Soc. which makes it certain
that the book was not published in 1852’'. Although some parts of the Prodromus
were previously published in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, and the ‘Catalogue of Ceylon Birds’ by Kelaart & Layard (1853a,b)’ is such
a part, this is not relevant to the description of the pigeon.

' Some may feel that ‘the book’, i.e. vol. I, appeared in parts. This might lead one to an earlier date of
publication of the name of this pigeon, but we do not claim that. The List of Contents seen by us has five
entries under ‘Appendix’ the last being ‘Mr. Blyth’s notes on Ceylon Mammals, Reptiles etc.’. If this
volume appeared in parts, a part (perhaps part 1), may have concluded at the end of this, which is p.50
of the separate pagination afforded the appendices, but may have included the next four pages which
appear to belong to the same signature (or printed page before folding and cutting). The four extra pages
contain two letters dated December 1852 which add to our comfort with Taylor’s conclusion that 1853 is
the date for these pages.

* This comprises pp.55—62 of the Prodromus but originated in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society where it appeared in two parts, one in each of the first two issues of vol. II. The
pagination and dates of those issues making up Vol. II of that journal are apparently as follows: 1.
pp.1—56 (1853); 2. pp.57—96, i-Ix1i; 3. 97-181, Ixiii-cxix (1855). These probably appeared as Parts VI,
Vil and VIII (before it was decided that they formed a separate volume). Within the journal there are
minutes of meetings that offer evidence as to the approximate dates of publication of issues | and 2.

Aasheesh Pittie & Edward C. Dickinson 197 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The acceptance of 1853°, rather than 1854 relies on the minutes of a committee
meeting held on 21 December 1853 (Lamprey, 1855), which record that ‘A letter
from Dr. Kelaart was read and laid on the table, stating, that he had been at great
expense in publishing, and requesting that the Society would accept copies of his
work in lieu of subscriptions due. It was then moved and agreed to, that two copies
of his publication be received, in lieu of all past arrears of subscription due by him
to the Society, and that a recommendation be made by the Committee at the next
General Meeting, that he be made a Corresponding member of the Society.’

The first description of the woodpigeon appeared in Blyth (1851) where Blyth
named it ‘Palumbus elphinstonei (?, Sykes), var?’ and no new name was therefore
introduced. As mentioned, earlier authors thought that the name dated from the
pages of the Prodromus and we have located it in several places: in Kelaart’s ‘The
Natural History of Newera-Ellia’ (p. xxx), in ‘General features of the Ornithology
of Ceylon’ (p.107), and on p.130 in the ‘Catalogue of Birds found in Ceylon’, where
the name, given there as Carpophaga (Palumbus) Torringtonii Kelaart, lacks a valid
description as 1s the case in the earlier pages, and 1s thus a nomen nudum. In none
of these three locations is there, in our view, an ‘indication’ (see Glossary p.107 in
ICZN 1999) that suffices to lead one to Blyth’s description. Thus at each of these
places the name is a nomen nudum.

The nomenclatural act is to be found in the Appendix, labeled C where it begins
(p.22), although not given as such in the list of Contents. This is the source of
Warren’s ‘Appendix C’. She was wrong however to view this as something
published in J. 7. Asiat. Soc. Ceylon Branch’, II (1853), pt. 1. It is not to be found
there. A detailed examination of this Appendix reveals that whilst, its author may
appear to be Blyth, it is in fact a compilation, with added remarks by Kelaart and
the content is drawn from Blyth (1846, 1849 and 1851). Thus here, on p.35, we find
the description of ‘Palumbus elphinstonei (?, Sykes), var?’ exactly as given by Blyth
(1851) but it is followed by ‘Remarks.—This beautiful pigeon we have named after
Lady Torrington—P. Torringtonii. It is easily distinguished from all others in the
Island, from its large size and black crescentic shaped collar, edged and spotted with
white.’°

Several conclusions may now be drawn. First, the original spelling was
torringtonii as given by Warren (1966), second the emendation to torringtoniae by
Holdsworth (1872) is correct; what the International code of zoological
nomenclature, fourth edn. (ICZN 1999) calls an incorrect original spelling must be
corrected (Art. 32.5.1)—1in this case because the work itself shows that the taxon
was named for Viscountess Torrington—and Art. 31.1 of the Code requires that the
treatment of a personal name follow the rules of Latin grammar. Third, the

7 Also accepted by Pethiyagoda & Manamendra-Arachchi (1997).

4 This is an inverted abbreviation of the journal title: Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society.

> Lady Torrington (Mary Anne) was the wife of George Byng, Seventh Viscount Torrington (1812-84),
and Governor of Ceylon 29 May 1847-18 October 1850.

Aasheesh Pittie & Edward C. Dickinson 198 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

combination of the valid introduction of a new name (even if incorrectly formed)
and Kelaart’s simultaneous ‘we have named ...’ must be taken to mean that the
authors of the name are Blyth & Kelaart®. The correct citation is therefore:
Palumbus torringtonii [sic] Blyth & Kelaart in Appendix C, p.35 in Kelaart
(‘1852’=1853) Prodromus Faune Zoologice; emended to torringtoniae by
Holdsworth, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p.466’. The Code (ICZN 1999) leaves
authorship of emended names with the original describer. In a short citation, it is
acceptable to use Columba torringtoniae (Blyth & Kelaart, 1853).

Acknowledgements

Aasheesh Pittie records his appreciation of the assistance given by Suhel Quader, Asad R. Rahmani
(Director, Bombay Natural History Society [BNHS]), the librarian and staff of the BNHS library, the
librarian and staff in the library of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, Bhavya Udeshi and Gehan D’Silva
Wijeyeratne. Edward Dickinson thanks the librarians of The Natural History Museum (South Kensington
& Tring) and James Jobling for useful discussion. We also acknowledge the major contribution to brevity
of the anonymous referees.

References:

Blyth, E. 1846. Notices and descriptions of various new or little known species of birds. J. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal 15: 280-315.

Blyth, E. 1849. A supplemental note to the Catalogue of the birds in the Asiatic Museum. J. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal 18: 800-821.

Blyth, E. 1851. Report on the Mammalia and more remarkable species of birds inhabiting Ceylon. J.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal 20 (2): 153-185.

Bonaparte, C. L. 1854. Coup d’oeil sur les pigeons (rowiene partie). Comptes Rendus l’Academie Sci.
(Paris) 39: 1102-1112.

Dickinson, E. C. (ed.). 2003. The Howard & Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. Third
edn. Christopher Helm, London.

Goodwin, D. 1967. Pigeons and doves of the world. Trustees of the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London.

Holdsworth, E. W. H. 1872. Catalogue of the birds found in Ceylon; with some remarks on their habits
and local distribution, and descriptions of two new species peculiar to the Island. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond.: 404-483.

Kelaart, E. F. 1853. Prodromus Faune Zeylonice; being contributions to the zoology of Ceylon, vol. I.
Privately published, Colombo [1852].

Kelaart, E. F. & Layard, E. L. 1853a. Catalogue of Ceylon birds. J. Ceylon Br. Roy. Asiatic Soc. I (1):
54-56.

Kelaart E. F. & Layard, E. L. 1853b. Catalogue of Ceylon birds. J. Ceylon Br. Roy. Asiatic Soc. I (2):
57-66.

Lamprey, J. 1855. Minutes of the Committee Meeting of the Asiatic Society of Ceylon held on 21st.
December 1853, pp. Ixxvi-lvii in Proceedings of Meetings pp. Ixiti—cxix. J. Ceylon Br. Roy. Asiatic
Soc. 2 (3).

Peters, J. L. 1937. Check-list of birds of the world, vol. 3. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.

° Contrary to Kelaart & Layard (1853b) we place Blyth first because his description appeared ahead of
Kelaart’s provision of the name. There seems to be no reason to suggest that the ‘we’ was a ‘Royal
plural’.

’ Salvadori (1893) cited p.694.

Aasheesh Pittie & Edward C. Dickinson 199 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Pethiyagoda, R. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K. 1997. The life and work of Edward Fredric Kelaart. J.
South Asian Nat. Hist. 2: 217-246.

Phillips, W. W. A. 1978. Annotated checklist of the birds of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1978. Revised edn.
Wildlife & Nature Protection Society of Ceylon & Ceylon Bird Club, Colombo.

Ripley, S. D. 1982. A synopsis of the birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Nepal, Sikkim,
Bhutan and Ceylon. Second edn. Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford Univ. Press.

Salvadori, T. 1893. Catalogue of the Columbe, or Pigeons, in the collection of the British Museum.
Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum, vol. 21. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London.

Taylor, E. H. 1947. Publication dates of Kelaart’s Prodromus Fauna [sic] Zeylonice. Herpetologica 4:
26.

Warren, R. L. M. 1966. Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History). Non-
passerines, vol. 1. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London.

Addresses: Aasheesh Pittie, 8-2-545 Road No. 7, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, India, e-mail:
aasheesh.pittie@gmail.com. Edward C. Dickinson, Flat 3, Bolsover Court, 19 Bolsover Road,
Eastbourne, BN20 7JG, UK, e-mail: edward@asiaorn.org

The validity of the sunbird genus Hedydipna
by Chive EF Mann & Robert A. Cheke

Received 1 September 2005

Since the publication of a monograph by Cheke & Mann (2001) on the sunbirds,
spiderhunters, flowerpeckers and sugarbirds, all included within the Nectariniidae
by those authors and by Sibley & Monroe (1990), the invalidity of Hedydipna has
come to light.

Irwin (1999) separated Collared Sunbird (formerly known as Anthreptes
collaris) and its allies from Anthreptes, placing them in Hedydipna Cabanis, 1850,
the type species of which is H. platura Vieillot, 1819, by original designation
(although Cabanis 1850 used the spelling H. platyura, whilst on the same line
referring to Cinnyris platura Vieill.). Hedydipna had been used previously albeit
without explicit rationale by inter alia Zedlitz (1910) for H. p. adiabonensis,
Madarasz (1915) for H. danakilensis, van Someren (1920) for H. p. karamojensis
and Sclater (1930) and Mackworth-Praed & Grant (1955) for H. platura. However,
both Sclater and Mackworth-Praed & Grant retained collaris in Anthreptes, treating
Anthodiaeta zambesiana Shelley, 1880, as Anthreptes collaris zambesiana (Shelley
1880).

Fry et al. (2000) and Cheke & Mann (2001) followed Irwin (1999) in using
Hedydipna for collaris, platura, metallica and pallidigaster. However, this was
incorrect as, by ‘position precedence’ (ICZN 1999: 73, 295), Anthodiaeta has
precedence over Hedydipna since Cabanis (1850) erected Anthodiaeta as a gen. nov.
for collaris on the page prior to his description of Hedydipna. Roberts (1931, 1932)

Clive F. Mann & Robert A. Cheke 200 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

presumably realised this when he used Anthodiaeta for his descriptions of
Anthodiaeta collaris zuluensis and A. c. chobiensis, although he did not provide
rationale. Also, Skead (1967) included Anthodiaeta in his synonymies of Anthreptes
without mentioning Hedydipna. Given these precedents and Shelley’s (1876-80)
use of Anthodiaeta zambesiana, we conclude that Anthodiaeta should replace
Hedydipna, if collaris, platura, metallica and pallidigaster are treated as
congeneric.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Edward Dickinson, Steven Gregory, Bob Dowsett and Alan Peterson for helpful
discussions, suggestions and alerting us to references. Alison Harding and Effie Warr assisted with
obscure references in the Ornithological Library, Tring.

References:

Cabanis, J. L. 1850. Museum Heineanum, Bd. 1. Halberstadt.

Cheke, R. A. & Mann, C. F. 2001. Sunbirds. A guide to the sunbirds, sugarbirds, flowerpeckers and spi-
derhunters of the world. Christopher Helm, London.

Fry, C. H., Keith, S. & Urban, E. K. (eds.) 2000. The birds of Africa, vol. 4. Academic Press, London.

Irwin, M. P. S. 1999. The genus Nectarinia and the evolution and diversification of sunbirds: an
Afrotropical perspective. Honeyguide 45: 45-58.

Mackworth-Praed, C. W. & Grant, C. H. B. 1955. Birds of.eastern and north eastern Africa. African
handbook of birds, ser. 1, vol. 2. Longmans, Green & Co., London.

von Madarasz, J. 1915. A contribution to the ornithology of the Danakil-land. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 13:
296.

Roberts, A. 1931. Some new forms of South African birds. Ann. Transvaal Mus. 14: 243.

Roberts, A. 1932. Preliminary descriptions of sixty-six new forms of South African birds. Ann. Transvaal
Mus. 15: 32.

Sclater, W. L. 1930. Systema Avium Aethiopicarum, part II. British Ornithologists’ Union, London.

Shelley, G. E. 1876-80. A monograph of the Nectariniidae. Privately published, London.

Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale Univ. Press,
New Haven & London, UK.

Skead, C. J. 1967. The sunbirds of southern Africa: also the sugarbirds, the white-eyes and the Spotted
Creeper. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.

van Someren, V. G. 1920. Descriptions of new forms from East Africa and Uganda. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl.
40: 93-94.

von Zedlitz, Graf O. 1910. Einige neue Formen aus Nordost-Afrika. Orn. Monatsber. 18 (4): 59.

Addresses: Dr Clive F. Mann, 53 Sutton Lane South, London W4 3JR, UK. Prof. Robert A. Cheke,
Natural Resources Institute, The University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham

Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.

Jean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibois 201 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The natural history and conservation of
Acrocephalus rimitarae, the endemic
reed-warbler of Rimatara Island, Oceania

by Fean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibors

Received 26 September 2005

With a small population on a single small island, Rimatara Reed-warbler
Acrocephalus rimitarae is considered Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2004).
Because of its morphological resemblance to two other taxa from the Pitcairn group
(A. taiti on Henderson and A. vaughani on Pitcairn), it was described by Murphy &
Mathews (1929) as a subspecies of A. vaughani. Subsequently, it was elevated to
specific status on the basis of differences in coloration, which suggest substantial
genetic differentiation as a result of the geographical isolation of Rimatara, c.2,500
km from the Pitcairn group (Graves 1992). Little is known of the life history of this
insular endemic, and other data are very scattered (Holyoak & Thibault 1984,
BirdLife International 2004). Here, we present new data on the Rimatara Reed-
warbler collected during a visit to the island in 2004, which was conducted as part
of a research programme on the systematics and evolution of Acrocephalus taxa
endemic to eastern Polynesia.

Study site and methods

Situated in the Austral Islands (French Polynesia), Rimatara (22°40’S, 152°45’W) is
a small (c.8.6 km’) and low (max. elevation 84 m) island, c.160 km from its nearest
neighbour, Rurutu. J-CT visited the island on 25 October—6 November 2004. Birds
were caught with mist-nets, using pre-recorded songs. Because Rimatara Reed-
warbler sings rarely, we used vocalisations from Acrocephalus populations on Tahiti
and the Marquesas (McPherson 1995, pers. recordings) to attract individuals
(mostly males, sexed by coloration and measurements). Each bird caught was
measured and photographed in order to describe plumage patterns; this work was
complemented by examination of specimens at the American Museum of Natural
History (New York). The precise locations of occupied nests, families with
fledglings and birds mist-netted were mapped using a Garmin e-trex Global
Positioning System (GPS). Using MapInfo 5.0 software, a numeric topographic map
and GPS coordinates, territories were mapped and distances between them
calculated. We pooled breeding data for Palearctic reed-warblers Acrocephalus spp.
(Cramp 1992) to approximate the mean length for incubation (14 days) and fledging
(14 days), which figures were used to guess the laying date for the observed
occupied nests and fledglings (young birds with short tails).

Jean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibois 202 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)
Results and discussion

Plumage

The three taxa of the vaughani group are characterised by their coloration, brownish
grey to dark olive above and white to yellowish below, with partial albinism of
wing- and tail-feathers, as well as body plumage (Murphy & Mathews 1929, Pratt
et al. 1987). In rimitarae, we observed the following plumages which may be age-
related: (1) uniformly brown above, whiter with cinnamon to variable extent on
flanks and breast (<1 year), (11) brownish grey to dark olive above, white to
yellowish below, showing a variable but small number of white feathers (>1 year
and breeding adults), (111) mantle, scapulars, tail-feathers and underparts white
(breeders), males exhibiting more white than females (Fig. 1). Age inferences are
based on direct observations during field work for immatures and breeding adults,
and gonad size and label information for specimens. The extent of albinism in
Henderson Reed-warbler A. taiti is reportedly related to age and sex (Holyoak 1978,
Graves 1992, Brooke & Hartley 1995).

Range and population
Rimatara Reed-warblers are found throughout the island, even in swamps (80 ha)
and the central fern-covered hills (240 ha), but breeding occurs mainly in wooded

Figure 1. Plumage variation of Rimatara Reed-warbler Acrocephalus rimitarae, from mist-netted
individuals. A, breeding male; B, breeding female; C, adult from a trio (A. Cibois).

Jean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibois 203 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

areas such as the undergrowth of coconut groves, mixed horticulture (340 ha),
coastal forest (30 ha) and natural forest on limestone substrates (170 ha) (Meyer et
al. 2005). Nests, territorial birds captured or families observed were separated by a
mean 96 m (+ 26.9, n=17). Circular territories of radius 48 m have a mean size of
c.0.72 ha. With a mean 2.37 birds per breeding group (see below), the breeding
population in the 540 ha of suitable habitat would be 1,777 birds, or 2,567 if
extrapolated to the 240 ha of less suitable habitat where fewer birds probably breed.
However, based on transects, other authors give a notably lower estimate of the
population: 2002, 740 birds (Sandford & Raust 2002) and 2004, 675 birds (Anon.
2005).

Song activity

Even in the breeding season, males sing regularly in early morning, in the evening,
or during bright moonlit nights (pers. obs.) but rarely during midday. The 1920-23
Whitney South Sea Expedition (WSSE), conducted by the American Museum of
Natural History, visited the island of Rimatara for eight days in March—April 1921.
At that time, Quayle (ms) noticed that ‘at daylight the warblers were chirping
about’. Later he wrote: ‘Here is a warbler singing with all the variation and harmony
of Marquesan or Tahitian varieties’. The song can be described as a succession of
low and short whistling notes (pers. obs.; it was unfortunately not possible to record
songs during our field work). In comparison, reed-warblers from Tahiti (A. caffer),
the Tuamotus (A. atyphus) or Marquesas (A. mendanae) produce a more powerful,
longer and more elaborate song, at any time of day, less frequently at night (Holyoak
& Thibault 1984), and at all seasons. Males from Pitcairn and Henderson have been
reported not to sing (Nicoll 1904, Quayle ms, Mayr 1942, Williams 1960), but
Graves (1992) considerered the series of thin and longer notes produce by males a
song. Birds from Rimatara produce a variety of additional vocalisations similar to
those of other Polynesian reed-warblers: alarm calls and contact calls by both sexes,
and solicitation calls by both females and young (AC & J-CT unpubl.). It seems
unlikely that the lack of strong and elaborate song in the vaughani group is related
to their high density, as suggested by Graves (1992), because densities in Rimatara
are similar to those in the Marquesas, where reed-warblers possess a long and
elaborate song. The mean distance between singing birds on Nuku Hiva is 102 m (+
38.6, n=8) (pers. obs.), comparable to the value of 96 m (+ 26.9) on Rimatara (see
above).

Breeding

Nests were found in seven species of trees: Hibiscus tiliaceus (2), Coffea arabica
(2), Polyscias guilfoylei (1), Thespesia populnea (1), Syzygium jambos (1),
Falcataria moluccana (1) and Citrus aurantifolia (1). Most of these are introduced
species. The nests were located at variable heights, with a mean of 5.2 m (+ 3.7,
n=9). They were on vertical branches, near the top of the vegetation and generally
concealed by leaves. Nests were constructed of fibres of Cocos nucifera, Pandanus

Jean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibois 204 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

tectorius and Ceiba pentandra, leaves of Passiflora maliformis, and were lined with
finer material of the same plants. The mean dimensions of three nests were: height
12.5 cm, depth 5 cm, external diameter 10 cm. Position in the trees, shape and size
did not differ from those of other Polynesian reed-warblers (Schreiber 1979,
Holyoak & Thibault 1984, Graves 1992, Brooke & Hartley 1995).

We found two occupied nests and six broods of fledglings. According to the
estimated mean lengths for incubation and for rearing, laying dates were calculated
as being between 17 September and 19 October. In addition, we observed a recently
completed nest, ready for eggs, on 3 November, and adults constructing a new nest
on 2 November in another location. The only previous data concerned a complete
clutch (of two eggs) on 10-11 December 1989 (Seitre & Seitre undated). No
occupied nests were found in March—April (Quayle ms, Sandford & Raust 2002), or
in August (Blanvillain 2002). Labels of most skins (21/25) in adult plumage,
collected in March during the WSSE, indicate small gonads, only one being labelled
‘large’. These observations suggest that the breeding period is well defined, and
lasts from at least mid September until late December, which corresponds to the
breeding period of Henderson Reed-warbler (Brooke & Hartley 1995) in the
Pitcairn group and at a similar latitude. The number of chicks in occupied nests
varied from one (n=1) to two (n=1), as did numbers of young in fledged broods (one
fledgling n=5; two fledglings n=1). The deduced mean brood (1.25 + 0.46 young,
n=8) is lower than that of Henderson Reed-warbler (2.41 + 0.62 young, n=17)
(Brooke & Hartley 1995).

In two nests, we identified three different adults feeding the young, due to
individual variation in partial albinism and a small mark we painted on the forehead
of captured birds. Moreover, in response to playback within their territories, we
noted 2—3 birds reacting simultaneously in 20 and 17 cases, respectively, suggesting
a mean 2.37 birds per breeding group. Breeding in trios is known in several insular
reed-warbler populations (Komdeur 1991), and has been observed in Henderson
Reed-warbler (Brooke & Hartley 1995), whilst our data suggest such behaviour is
common also for Rimatara Reed-warbler. Nevertheless, Pitcairn Reed-warbler
seems to breed only in pairs possibly because of greater disturbance and inter-
annual habitat changes on that island (Brooke & Hartley 1995).

TABLE 1
Data on the moult period of Rimatara Reed-warbler Acrocephalus rimitarae
(see Moult section for classification).

Date Age No moult, No moult, — Remiges
fresh plumage worn plumage moulting
March 1921 (41 skins examined at AMNH) > 1 year 5 0 20
< | year 13 vi l
Oct.—Nov. 2004 (17 individuals trapped in the field) > | year 0 9 0
<1 year 7 0 l

Jean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibois 205 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Moult

For the moult analysis, we distinguished two age categories: >1 year (= adult) and
<1 year (immature). Adults correspond to sexually mature individuals identified by
their exhibiting breeding behaviour, large gonad size or, outside the breeding
season, by their plumage characteristics (large number of albinistic feathers).
Immatures were identified by their plumage characteristics (absence of albinistic
feathers) and small gonads. All adults caught during the breeding season, in
October-November, had completely worn plumage, whereas 80% of adults
collected in March (1.e. post-breeding) had flight-feathers in moult (Table 1). From
these observations we deduce that the moult of Rimatara Reed-warblers is post-
nuptial and seasonal for adults. Immatures had mostly fresh, non-moulting plumage
both in March (81%) and October-November (87.5%).

Threats

Currently, Black Rat Rattus rattus is absent from Rimatara, but Polynesian Rat R.
exulans and Norway Rat R. norvegicus have been introduced. Polynesian Rat was
intentionally introduced by Polynesians hundreds of years ago and is not known to
predate Polynesian reed-warblers (Thibault et a/. 2002). Norway Rat was introduced
much more recently, in the late 20th century (McCormack & Kiinzlé 1996), but we
suspect it is not a threat to endemic landbirds as it does not climb trees. Domestic
and feral cats are numerous throughout Rimatara, and possibly constitute a threat
because reed-warblers often forage on the ground (pers. obs.). Cat eradication on
Pitcairn, though ultimately unsuccessful, led to a temporary increase in reed-warbler
populations (B. & D. Bell in BirdLife International 2000). Another important
concern is the possibility of the arrival of the exotic Common Myna Acridotheres
tristis, which is already present on the nearest islands of Rurutu and Tubuai. Indeed,
all populations of Polynesian reed-warblers have decreased or vanished following
its arrival (Cibois & Thibault in prep.). Should the species reach Rimatara, it would
certainly place the reed-warbler population at risk, especially in open wooded areas,
such as plantations or gardens, which have been colonised rapidly by mynas on
other islands.

Beside the introduction of alien species, the major threat to Rimatara Reed-
warbler is habitat destruction. Our observations suggest that reed-warblers require
wooded areas for foraging and breeding, although they forage regularly in marshy
areas. Most of the island consists of plantations and coconut groves with
undergrowth, 1.e. habitats relatively stable in distribution and suitable for reed-
warblers, though people often use uncontrolled fires for clearing. Natural forest was
restricted to a limestone area that constituted, until recently, c.21% of the total
surface of the island (=170 ha). But the construction of an airport in 2002 resulted
in the clearance of c.65 ha of the most representative part of this natural forest (i.e.
40% according to Meyer et al. 2005). Thus, we estimate that this area supported
several dozen reed-warblers. Preservation of the island’s remaining natural forest
should be a priority in order to secure the future of Rimatara’s endemic birds.

Jean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibois 206 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Acknowledgements

This is a contribution to the Biodiversity Inventory and Research Program of French Polynesia. The
Research Delegation of the government of French Polynesia and the Louis Malardé Institute (Tahiti)
organised and funded the multidisciplinary scientific expedition to Rimatara led by Jean-Yves Meyer.
Permits to catch reed-warblers in French Polynesia, which are protected by law, were provided by the
Direction of the Environment (Tahiti). Field work in French Polynesia in 2004 was further supported by
the Swiss Academy of Sciences (by a travel grant), the G. & A. Claraz Foundation, the Basle Foundation
for biological research, and the Natural History Museum of Geneva. We thank Joel Cracraft and Paul
Sweet (American Museum of Natural History) for access to material in their care. Our visit benefited
from a Collection Study Grant of the Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund (AMNH). The manuscript was
improved by remarks from Guy Dutson, Guy M. Kirwan, H. Douglas Pratt and an anonymous referee.

References:

Anon. 2005. Situation du ‘Ura et du Oromao a Rimatara. Te Manu (Pape’ete, French Polynesia) 51: 3—S.

BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened birds of the world. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK &
Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

BirdLife International. 2004. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International,
Cambridge, UK.

Blanvillain, C. 2002. Oiseaux de Rimatara et des Australes. Ze Manu (Pape’ete, French Polynesia) 41:
9-10.

Brooke, M. de L. & Hartley, I. R. 1995. Nesting Henderson Reed-warblers (Acrocephalus vaughani taiti)
studied by DNA fingerprinting: unrelated coalitions in a stable habitat? Auk 112: 77-86. /

Cramp, S. (ed.) 1992. The birds of the Western Palearctic, vol. 6. Oxford Univ. Press.

Graves, G. R. 1992. The endemic land birds of Henderson Island, southeastern Polynesia: notes on nat-
ural history and conservation. Wilson Bull. 104: 32-43.

Holyoak, D. T. 1978. Variable albinism of the flight feathers as an adaptation for recognition of individ-
ual birds in some Polynesian populations of Acrocephalus warblers. Ardea 66: 112-117.

Holyoak, D. T. & Thibault, J.-C. 1984. Contribution a l’étude des oiseaux de Polynésie orientale. Mem.
Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris (sér. A), Zool. 127: 1-209.

Komdeur, J. 1991. Cooperative breeding in the Seychelles Warbler. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. of Cambridge.

Mayr, E. 1942. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition XLVIII. Notes on the
Polynesian species of Aplonis. Amer. Mus. Novit. 1166.

McCormack, G. & Kiinzlé, J. 1996. The ‘Ura or Rimatara Lorikeet Vini kuhlii: its former range, present
status and conservation priorities. Bird Conserv. Intern. 6: 325-334.
McPherson, L. B. 1995. More birds of Polynesia. Tapes. McPherson Natural History Unit, Christchurch.
Meyer, J.-Y., Butaud, J.-F. & Florence, J. 2005. Rapport de mission de l’expédition scientifique a
Rimatara (Australes) du 23 octobre au 8 novembre 2004. Délégation a la Recherche, Papeete.
Murphy, R. C. & Mathews, G. M. 1929. Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition. VI.
American Mus. Novit. 350.

Nicoll, M. J. 1904. Ornithological journal of a voyage around the world in the “Valhalla”. /bis 8: 32-67.

Pratt, H. D., Bruner, P. L. & Berrett, D. G. 1987. A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical
Pacific. Princeton Univ. Press.

Quayle, E. H. MS. Rimatara, Austral Islands. Pp. 51-58 (Vol: G) and 1—21 (Vol. H) in Journal of the
Whitney South-Sea Expedition, 1920-1923. American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Sandford, G. & Raust, P. 2002. Oiseaux de Rimatara. Te Manu (Pape’ete, French Polynesia) 41: 3-4.

Schreiber, R. W. 1979. The egg and nest of the Bokikokiko Acrocephalus aequinoctialis. Bull. Brit. Orn.
Cl. 99: 120-124.

Seitre, R. & Seitre, J. Undated. Causes de disparition des oiseaux terrestres de Polynésie francaise.
SPREP Occasionnal Paper Series n°8, CRS, Nouméa, New Caledonia.

Thibault, J.-C., Martin, J.-L., Penloup, A. & Meyer, J.-Y. 2002. Understanding the decline and extinction
of monarchs (Aves) in Polynesian Islands. Biol. Conserv. 108: 161-174.

Williams, G. R. 1960. The birds of Pitcairn Islands, central Pacific Ocean. bis 102: 58-70.

Jean-Claude Thibault & Alice Cibois 207 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Addresses: Jean-Claude Thibault, Parc Naturel Régional de Corse, rue Major Lambroschini, B.P. 417, F-
20184 Ajaccio, Corsica, e-mail: jncldthibault@aol.com. Alice Cibois, Natural History Museum,
Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, CP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland, e-mail:
alice.cibois@mhn. vill-ge.ch.

First description of male Hoogerwerf’s Pheasant
Lophura (inornata) hoogerwerfi (Chasen, 1939),
with notes on distribution

by Resit Sézer, Chris R. Shepherd & Darjono

Received 7 October 2005

Hoogerwerf’s Pheasant Lophura hoogerwerfi is an enigmatic taxon, probably
endemic to montane Aceh, northern Sumatra, Indonesia. More than 60 years since
the first female was collected, we found several of these birds at a bird market in
Medan, north Sumatra. Here, we present a brief overview of knowledge of this
pheasant, provide a description of the adults (including the first complete
description of the male) and review the species’ distribution.

The taxon is known from only two female specimens; the holotype, collected by
A. Hoogerwerf, on 24 April 1937, at 1,400 m, near Lake Meluwak in the Gayo
Highlands, Aceh (Chasen 1939, Chasen & Hoogerwerf 1941), and one taken in
March 1939 by Dillon Ripley (Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley 1940), also in the
vicinity of Lake Meluwak, at 650 m. Male L. hoogerwerfi has hitherto not been
collected. In the 1970s regular sightings were made by N. van Strien (pers. comm.
1998), including that of a nest with two eggs in the Mamas Valley, Gunung Leuser
National Park, Aceh (van Marle & Voous 1988). He obtained photographs of the
pheasants, revealing them to be uniformly brown in females and bluish black in
males, like those of Salvadori’s Pheasant L. inornata, which occurs further south in
Sumatra. The appropriate taxonomy of the two forms is therefore unresolved
(Delacour 1977, Holmes 1989, van Balen & Holmes 1993, McGowan & Garson
1995, MacKinnon et al. 1998).

On 14 September 1998, during a routine check of Medan bird markets to
monitor wildlife trade, RS & CRS found two female pheasants that were initially
thought to be L. inornata. They had arrived with a consignment from Aceh, and after
checking MacKinnon & Phillipps (1993) and MacKinnon et a/. (1998) we suspected
that we were dealing with hoogerwerfi rather than inornata. Both were obtained and
temporarily housed in Medan Zoo. On 25 September 1998, during another visit to
these markets, we found a further female and three males. These four were also
obtained for the zoo but, due to the poor health and inadequate care of all six birds
whilst in the market, only one female and one male survived.

Resit Sozer et al. 208 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Pheasants of this type were encountered at Medan bird markets on three further
occasions: on 6 October 1999 (two males and two females, recently trapped in Aceh
and, according to the dealers, subsequently sold to a zoo in north Sumatra); on 19
and 26 October 1999, respectively two females and five pairs, which were sent alive
to Pramuka bird market, in Jakarta. During regular surveys of these markets in
1996-2004 we only encountered hoogerwerfi on these five occasions, and never
inornata. The four specimens (one prepared, three frozen) were sent with inter-
provincial transport permits to Java, to the Zoological Museum (MZB), at Cibinong,
West Java.

Hoogerwerf was unsure the bird he collected was the female of a new species,
admitting that it might be an undescribed subadult form of inornata (Chasen &
Hoogerwerf 1941). Thus, we present a description of the female Lophura from
Aceh, based on the three new specimens, and examination of the type-specimen in
the Rijksmuseum voor Natuurlijkke Historie at Leiden (MZB 11744 / RMNH
140206) and that in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia (ANSP
139170). The uniformity of the plumage of these five specimens, and recent
breeders’ experiences with subadult inornata, confirm the assertion of Chasen &
Hoogerwerf (1941) that they had collected a female ‘representative of an unknown
form of pheasant,’ and not an undescribed plumage of male or female inornata, in
Aceh.

Adult male |

The adult male’s general appearance is deep black with a blue gloss, varying from
dark blue on the neck to soft greenish blue on the flanks and upperparts; head
crestless; feathers of upper head, neck, breast, flanks and tail-coverts have a broad
metallic blue fringe, which is sharper and brighter on the wing-coverts; throat,
primaries, secondaries, rectrices, abdomen and thighs dull black with little gloss; tail
short and rounded. Soft parts: iris amber (orange-brown); feet grey, seemingly
slightly paler than in the female; bill pale greyish horn; orbital skin crimson-red,
larger than in female, extending past the base of the bill and becoming a short
protruding wattle; narrow ring around the eye bright lemon-yellow, becoming a
round spot of the same colour at the posterior angle of the eye and c.?/, of the
diameter of the eye.

The total length of hoogerwerfi males is significantly larger than females (t-test,
P<0.01), whereas tarsus and gape size are also significantly larger in males (t-test,
P<0.005 and P<0.01, respectively) (see Table 1).

Our description supports the statement that the male of L. hoogerwerfi is indeed
‘not unlike males of the southern L. inornata’ (Marle & Voous 1988), and indicates
that males of the two forms are indistinguishable in the field. Photographs of two
live specimens (male, female) were published by S6zer (1999).

Resit Sozer et al. 209 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

TABLE 1
Measurements of all known specimens of Hoogerwerf’s Pheasant Lophura hoogerwerfi collected in
Aceh, northern Sumatra (mean+s.d.). The ANSP specimen was measured by Pamela Rasmussen, all
others by RS. See text for institutional acronyms.

specimen sex total tail wing tarsus _ bill (mm) middle weight
length (mm) (mm) (mm) = gape/culmen toe+ (g)
(mm) claw notes
(mm)
RMNH 140206 Be pam - 206 68.0 30.0 - 50.0 - type
ANSP 139170 ie ey! 170 203 62.9 : 16.8 58.3 -
PKBI, Sukabumi* F 422 146 Zak 61.7 31.4 29.9 35:3 - live
MZB 30359 395 136.3 215 65.7 SU] 24.3 51.8 - skin
MZB 30360 F 418 140.8 216 68.0 31.4 27.8 54.8 670
MZB 30361 M_ 510 159.0 220 79.4 32.8 23.8 SID -
MZB 30362 M450 142.0 210 77.0 32.1 26.4 57.2 700
PKBI, Sukabumi* M _ 518 162.0 233 743 33:1 28.3 56.0 - live
Mean F = 398429.8 148+15.0 21349.5 6542.9 3140.8 2545.8 5443.2 670
Mean M 493437.2 154£10.8 221411.5 7841.3 3340.2 2642.3 5740.8 700

*PKBI is a private breeding centre in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia.

Adult female

Following a brief description of the type specimen by Chasen (1939), a more
complete description of an adult female was given by Chasen & Hoogerwerf (1941).
‘General colour brownish buff, dullest and brownest on the mantle and back, darkest
on the upper and under tail coverts, brightest and tending to dark orange-buff on the
breast and abdomen, and washed with rufous on the top of the head and on the
wings. Chin and throat dirty white. Excluding the throat, but including the inner
webs of the wing-quills and the under wing coverts, everywhere heavily
vermiculated and stippled in a fairly uniform manner with black, finely on the
mantle and back, more heavily on the outer edges of the primaries, and with a
tendency for the markings to assume a more regular, transverse, crescentic form on
the feathers of the lower breast, and to become narrowly bar-like on the crown. Tail,
dull black, glossed with oily green: in some lights indistinct brown stippling can be
made out on the edges of the centre tail feathers. Iris, brown; orbital skin, red; bill
and feet, grey-green.’ Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley (1940) stated that the
specimen they collected was very uniform in colour, not showing any of the
ochraceous striations either above or below described for L. inornata; ‘It matches
the description of Chasen’s bird.’ The collector (S. Dillon Ripley) furthermore wrote
on the label ‘Iris amber, feet dark blue, bill blue, skin around eye blood red.’

We judged the overall coloration of the three newly obtained females and the
two earlier specimens, to be better described as a dull greyish brown. The
vermiculations described above can only be distinguished when handling specimens
or live birds, and are invisible at a distance. The tail is dull black, with little gloss.

Resit Sézer et al. 210 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

The feathers, except the tail and wingtips, have a paler appearance, caused mostly
by the gloss and to a lesser extent by the paler colour of the shaft region. The tail is
short and held downward in live specimens, with the central rectrices longest. Soft
parts are as follows: iris amber (orange-brown); feet slate to dark grey; bill greyish
horn; orbital skin large and crimson-red with a lemon-yellow ring around the eye,
becoming a round spot of the same colour at the posterior angle of the eye and c.’/,
of the diameter of the eye. This bicoloured orbital skin, with highly contrasting
crimson and yellow in all freshly prepared specimens and live birds, is similar to
that of L. inornata (Robinson & Kloss 1918), but was not described by Chasen &
Hoogerwerf (1941) or Meyer de Schauensee & Ripley (1940), and is invisible in the
type-specimen, presumably due to fading. The colours of the live female’s feathers
did not change following moults over 26 months, suggesting that all these birds
were adults.

Geographic and altitudinal distribution

The specimens collected by Hoogerwerf and Ripley originated from around Lake
Meluwak, near Kutacane town [Koetatjane], Gayo Highlands, Aceh, in northern
Sumatra. N. van Strien observed the species in the Mammas River valley, which is
c.10 km west to 20 km north-west of Lake Meluwak. According to the traders, the
specimens met with by us were trapped by local people c.25—30 km inside the
eastern boundary of Gunung Leuser National Park, in the montane area along the
upper Alas River, just north of Mount Leuser, Gayo Range. The latter location is
c.70 km north-west of the locality of the two original specimens. Thus, all records
are from the Gayo Highlands, well within the boundary of the present Gunung
Leuser National Park and, for now, the species should be regarded as endemic to the
Gayo range. The northernmost record of L. inornata is at Mt. Singgalang, West
Sumatra, and the distributions of L. inornata and L. hoogerwerfi are not known to
overlap.

The type-specimen was collected at 1,400 m and the other allegedly at 650 m.
However, as the altitude of the latter does not match that of the type-specimen, and
as S. Dillon Ripley initially wrote 3,160 ft on the label (subsequently replaced with
2,100 ft; L. Joseph pers. comm.), we are inclined to believe that the actual locality
of the second specimen might be c.950 m.

The observations of van Strien were at 1,200—2,000 m. The altitude where the
specimens we encountered were trapped is unknown, though the consignments
including these birds were said to originate from the upper Alas River, and always
included lower montane Galliformes e.g. Grey-breasted Partridge Arborophila
(orientalis) rolli and Bronze-tailed Peacock-pheasant Polyplectron chalcurum.
Therefore, we suspect that the most probable altitudinal range of the species is
950-—2,000 m, in the lower montane forest zone.

Resit Sézer et al. 211 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Acknowledgements

We thank Aviornis International—Netherlands for funding this part of our work in Indonesia and Richard
Olsen for funding the larger framework. Furthermore, we thank Kees Roselaar of the Zoological Museum
in Amsterdam (ISP-UvA) for technical assistance; Nico van Strien for his sightings data; Dr René Dekker
of the Leiden Museum of Natural History (NATURALIS) for permitting us to study skins; Dr Pamela
Rasmussen and Dr Leo Joseph for providing information and photographs of the specimen in
Philadelphia; Ibu Sri (Director) and Pak Anhar Lubis (veterinarian) of Medan Zoo for providing
temporary facilities for the live birds; Dr Siti Nuramaliati Prijono Lili, Pak M. Toha (taxidermist) and Dr
Dewi M. Prawiradilaga of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) at Cibinong for preparing the
skins and samples; Dr Vincent Nijman for commenting on earlier drafts; and the Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI) for research permits. Finally, we thank Pak Amir Hamza of SBKSDA Medan for
necessary transport permits, and Pak Djuhaemi for taking good care of the live specimens at the
Indonesian Breeding Centre for Endangered Bird Species (PKBI) in Sukabumi.

References:

Balen, S. van & Holmes, D. A. 1993 Status and conservation of pheasants in the Greater and Lesser
Sundas, Indonesia. Pp. 40-49 in Jenkins, D. (ed.) Pheasants in Asia 1992. World Pheasant
Association, Reading.

Chasen, F. N. 1939. Preliminary diagnoses of new birds from north Sumatra II. Trewbia 17: 183-184.

Chasen, F. N. & Hoogerwerf, A. 1941. The birds of the Netherlands Indian Mt. Leuser expedition 1937
to north Sumatra. Treubia 18 suppl.: 1-125.

Delacour, J. 1977. The pheasants of the world. Second edn. Spur Publications, Hampshire.

Holmes, D. A. 1989. Status report on Indonesian Galliformes. Kukila 4: 133-143.

Marle, J. G van & Voous, K. H. 1988. The birds of Sumatra: an annotated check-list. BOU check-list no.
10. British Ornithologists’ Union, London.

MacKinnon, J. & Phillipps, K. 1993. A field guide to the birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford
Univ. Press.

McGowan, P. J. K. & Garson, P. J. 1995. Pheasants: status survey and conservation Action Plan
1995-1999. IUCN, Gland.

Meyer de Schauensee, R. & Ripley, S. D. 1940. Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt Sumatran
Expedition, 1936-1939; Part I—birds from Atjeh. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 91: 311-368.

Robinson, H. C. & Kloss, C. B. 1918. Results of an expedition to Korinchi Peak, Sumatra. Part 2: birds.
J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 8: 81—284.

Sozer, R. 1999. Het mysterie van de Hoogerwerfs fazant (Lophura hoogerwerfi) bijna opgelost: eerste
hanen gevonden! Aviornis Intern. 26(145): 20-24.

Addresses: Resit Sézer, Jalan Taman Bahagia Rt 06 Rw 07 no. 123, Nyomplong Kulon, Sukabumi 43132,
West Java, Indonesia, e-mail: resit@java.starindo.net. Chris R. Shepherd, TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia,
Unit 9-3A, Third Floor, Jalan SS23/11, Taman SEA, 47400, Selangor, Malaysia, e-mail:
cstsea@po.jaring.my. Darjono, Research & Development Centre for Biology (Museum Zoologicum
Bogoriense), The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Raya Bogor km 46,
Cibinong 16911, Indonesia, e-mails: mzb@indo.net.id, darjono_mzb@hotmail.com.

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 212 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Important ornithological records from
Minas Gerais state, Brazil

by Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos, Santos D’Angelo Neto,
Guy M. Kirwan, Marcos Ricardo Bornschein,

Mauro Guimaraes Dimz & Fosé Francisco da Silva
Received 11 November 2005

Minas Gerais state, in south-east Brazil, harbours a rich avifauna of almost 800
species (Mattos et al. 1993). Such high species richness is a result of the region’s
complex vegetation, as the state possesses Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga, and
transitional zones between these biomes. It is also one of the most mountainous
areas of the country, with two main ranges: the Serra do Espinhacgo and Serra da
Mantiqueira, atop which can be found typical vegetation known, respectively, as
rupestrian fields (campos rupestres) and high-altitude grasslands (campos de
altitude). (Other habitat terms have been described in earlier papers, particularly
Kirwan et al. 2001, 2004, to which readers are referred for further details.) Recently,
new data concerning range extensions and noteworthy records for birds in Minas
Gerais have been presented by several authors (e.g. Willis & Oniki 1991, Parrini &
Pacheco 1997, Cordeiro et al. 1998, Machado et a/. 1998, Melo Junior ef al. 1998,
Silveira 1998, Vasconcelos & Lins 1998, D’Angelo Neto 2000, D’Angelo Neto &
Queiroz 2001, D’Angelo Neto et al. 2001, Kirwan et al. 2001, 2004, Ribon &
Maldonado-Coelho 2001, Raposo et al. 2002, Ribon et al. 2002, Vasconcelos et al.
2002a,b, 2003a,b, 2004, D’Angelo Neto & Vasconcelos 2003, 2004, Marini et al.
2003, Rodrigues & Gomes 2004, Vasconcelos & Silva 2004). Here, we present
further new data on the distribution and, occasionally, for particularly poorly known
birds, behaviour of 42 bird species in Minas Gerais, of which at least three are
certainly new for the state and several are globally threatened (BirdLife
International 2004).

Methods

Field records were obtained from the following principal study localities in Minas
Gerais:

Serra da Canastra National Park (20°15’S, 46°40’W), Sao Roque de Minas
municipality: a protected area covering c.200,000 ha with cerrado, campo
rupestre, gallery forests and marshes (elevation 900—1,450 m).

Fazenda Jacaré-Riachao (18°39’S, 45°02’W), Felixlandia municipality: a
Eucalyptus plantation that also comprises natural areas of cerrado, campo
cerrado, vereda (palm groves in swampy areas), and gallery forests.

Ilha do Boi (18°31’S, 45°29’W), Trés Marias municipality: a small island in Trés
Marias dam lake in the rio Sao Francisco, with cerrado vegetation (elevation
c.580 m).

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 213 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Chapada, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto (18°14’S, 43°19°W), Sao Gongalo do
Rio Preto municipality: a high-altitude area (elevation 1,500—1,750 m) located
within a state park. Chapada comprises campos rupestres, open grasslands,
marshes and patches of montane forest.

Mata do Isidoro (18°10’S, 43°17’W), Felicio dos Santos municipality: a semi-
deciduous montane forest with patches of rupestrian savanna (cerrado rupestre)
and campos rupestres (elevation 800—1,300 m).

Mendanha (18°06’S, 43°30’W), Diamantina municipality: a patch of secondary
semi-deciduous forest in the surroundings of the village of Mendanha.

Santa Joana (18°02’S, 42°50’W), Itamarandiba municipality: fragments of
secondary semi-deciduous forests.

Rio Santa Catarina (17°59’S, 46°49’W), Vazante municipality: a tributary of the
rio Paracatu, which flows to the middle rio Sao Francisco. Field work was
conducted in a patch of gallery forest along this river.

Fazenda Campo Alegre (17°54’S, 46°02’W), Joao Pinheiro municipality: a
Eucalyptus plantation of c.8,000 ha surrounded by natural areas of cerrado,
campo cerrado, vereda, and gallery forests (elevation c.530 m).

Serra do Cabral (17°35’S, 44°27’W), Joaquim Felicio municipality: a mosaic of
campos rupestres, cerrado and gallery forests.

Fazenda Bom Sucesso (17°35’S, 46°36’W), Vazante municipality: a large area of
c.30,000 ha of cerrado, gallery forests and some veredas along the rio Escuro,
on the left bank of the rio Paracatu (elevation c.540 m).

Campo Limpo (17°12’S, 42°51’W), Turmalina municipality: a patch of secondary
semi-deciduous montane forest located at Chapada de Sao Domingos, a plateau
between the rio Jequitinhonha and rio Aracuai (elevation c.850 m).

Fazenda do Senhor Onofre Sandinha (17°08’S, 42°44°W), Leme do Prado
municipality: a large fragment of semi-deciduous montane forest adjacent to the
Estacao Ecologica de Acaua, also located in the Chapada de Sao Domingos
(elevation c.800 m).

Fazenda Brejao (17°00’S, 45°54’W), Brasilandia municipality: a large area of
c.35,000 ha of cerrado, gallery forests and veredas, on the left bank of the rio
Paracatu (elevation c.450 m).

Catutiba (16°49’S, 42°38’W), José Goncalves de Minas municipality: a small
fragment of semi-deciduous montane forest at Chapada de Sao Domingos
(elevation c.800 m).

Mata do Lobo (16°47’S, 43°01’W), Botumirim municipality: a large fragment of
semi-deciduous forest on the east slope of the central Espinhaco range (elevation
700-800 m).

Fazenda Sao Miguel (16°43’S, 42°41’W), Cristalia municipality: a 5-ha fragment
of semi-deciduous forest (elevation c.500 m).

Sitio Duboca (16°43’S, 43°53’W), Montes Claros municipality: a limestone outcrop
with dry forests and gallery forests in deep valleys (grotas), located in the
surroundings of the town of Montes Claros.

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 214 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Rio do Cedro (16°40’S, 43°54’W), Montes Claros municipality: a patch of gallery
forest along the rio do Cedro surrounded by dry forests on limestone outcrops.

Porto Mandacaru (16°41’S, 42°30’W), Grao Mogol municipality: an area of scrub
and secondary caatinga woodland located on the left bank of the rio
Jequitinhonha.

Ribeirao Congonhas (16°41’S, 43°19’ W), Grao Mogol municipality: a mosaic of
cerrado, gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests.

Santa Marta (16°37’S, 43°18’ W), Grao Mogol municipality: areas of cerrado and
gallery forests.

Fazenda Maria das Neves (16°36’S, 42°49’W), Grao Mogol municipality: a small
patch of semi-deciduous forest on the left bank of the rio Itacambirucu.

Fazenda Travessia (16°34’S, 43°32’W), Francisco Sa municipality: fragments of
arboreal caatinga interspersed with pastures.

Sitio Recanto (16°33’S, 43°24’W), Grao Mogol municipality: an area of typical
cerrado, cerrado rupestre, campo rupestre and riparian forests (elevation
950—1,000 m).

Francisco Sa (16°28’S, 43°30’S), Francisco Sa municipality: urban area and
adjacent caatinga woodland (elevation c.660 m).

Chapada do Catuni (16°27’S, 43°24’W), Francisco Sa and Grao Mogol
municipalities: a sector of the Espinhacgo range that represents a watershed
between the hydrographical basins of the rios Sao Francisco and Jequitinhonha
(elevation 950-1,100 m). The site is located on the same plateau as Sitio
Recanto. Typical vegetation is cerrado and cerrado rupestre.

Fazenda Imburana (16°23’S, 43°24’W), Francisco Sa municipality: a large
fragment of arboreal caatinga on the west slope of the Chapada do Catuni
(elevation 650-900 m).

Fazenda Baixa da Lasca (16°22’S, 43°33’ W), Francisco Sa municipality: small- to
medium-sized fragments of arboreal caatinga and pastures (elevation c.660 m).

Rio Bananal (16°10’S, 42°17’W), Salinas municipality: pastures and caatinga
scrub in the surroundings of the city of Salinas.

Fazenda Sucuapara (16°07’S, 44°09’ W), Patis municipality: a small patch of damp
forest surrounded by pastures and coffee plantations.

Campus Avancado de Janatiba (15°49’S, 43°16’ W), Janauba municipality: an area
of arboreal caatinga and caatinga scrub, traversed by the rio Gorutuba.

Coordinates for a number of other localities mentioned in the text are largely
taken from Paynter & Traylor (1991), supplemented through reference to an online
database (www.nima.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html). Bird species were identified
using binoculars, telescopes and by their vocalisations. Tape-recordings were made
with Sony TCM-5000 EV and Marantz PMD201 tape-recorders and Sennheiser
ME-66 microphones. Copies of vocalisations have been deposited at the Arquivo
Sonoro Prof. Elias Coelho (ASEC), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Specimens were collected using mist-nets

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 215 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

and shotguns. Specimens are deposited at the Colecao Ornitologica do
Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (DZUFMG) in
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, at the Museu de Historia Natural de Taubaté
(MHNT), Taubaté, Sao Paulo, and at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao
Paulo (MZUSP), Sao Paulo. Some specimens were compared to those already
housed at DZUFMG and MZUSP. Systematic order and nomenclature follow those
of the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee (Comité Brasileiro de Registros
Ornitologicos 2005), with any departures from this explained in the species
accounts.

Species accounts

BLACK-AND-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE Spizaetus melanoleucus

An adult was observed at close quarters for several minutes close to the entrance of
Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruacu, on 7 September 2005 (GMK, R. Schaefer;
for a description of this locality see Kirwan et al. 2004). This is one of the very few
records of this generally uncommon species from Minas Gerais, and is from a
locality where both Ornate Hawk-eagle Spizaetus ornatus and Black Hawk-eagle S.
tyrannus are also known (Kirwan et al. 2001, 2004). We follow Helbig et al. (2005)
in subsuming the genus Spizastur, which 1s usually reserved for this species, within
Spizaetus.

WHITE-BROWED GUAN Penelope jacucaca

Previously known from just two localities in Minas Gerais (Kirwan et al. 2001,
2004), GMK & T. Feild observed one in low caatinga woodland 15 km west of
Lagoa dos Patos (16°97°S, 44°57’W), on 27 October 2004, which becomes the
southernmost available locality for this generally uncommon species that is
currently classed as Vulnerable (BirdLife International 2004).

OCELLATED CRAKE Micropygia schomburgkii

D. Buzzetti in Mazar Barnett & Kirwan (1999) tape-recorded this species in Serra
da Canastra National Park, in February 1999. GMK has two further records of
singing birds in the same national park, close to the area where it was first noted by
Buzzetti: on 1 November 2000 and 23 October 2004, on both occasions in relatively
close proximity to recently burnt areas (habitat also favoured by other rare species
such as Campo Miner Geositta poeciloptera [see below] and Ochre-breasted Pipit
Anthus nattereri). Although mapped for much of the southern part of Brazil by
Taylor & van Perlo (1998), available localities for this rare species are, in fact, rather
few (BirdLife International 2004), and in some areas within this region M.
schomburgkii appears to have declined to the point of extinction (Willis 2004; GMK
pers. obs.), making the presence of a possibly regular population within the confines
of a protected area of some conservation significance. Of interest in this respect 1s
that A. Whittaker, B. Carlos & K. J. Zimmer recorded this crake daily, with high

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 216 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

single-day counts of 10+ at Emas National Park, Goids, in late-October 2005,
suggesting that Emas represents another important stronghold for the species.
Currently classified as Least Concern (BirdLife International 2004).

RUFOUS-FACED CRAKE Laterallus xenopterus

This poorly known South American crake possesses very few localities (Taylor &
van Perlo 1998) with only three records in Brazil: a specimen from Brasilia National
Park, Distrito Federal, deposited in the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ
32661), sight records in Roncador Biological Reserve and Brasilia Zoological
Garden, Distrito Federal, and a road-killed bird found at Itirapina, SAo Paulo, from
which locality other records of Laterallus crakes plausibly refer to this species
(Myers & Hansen 1980, Negret & Teixeira 1984, Collar et al. 1992, Oniki & Willis
1996, Sick 1997, Willis & Oniki 2003, Willis 2004). On 24 July 2004 a
predominantly brownish-black crake with a whitish belly and dark brown-barred
body-sides was captured by MFV and Barbara Maria in a small-mammal trap set in
dense grassland surrounding a vereda at Fazenda Jacaré-Riachao. Photographs of
this specimen (DZUFMG 4535) were sent to Drs Storrs L. Olson and Barry Taylor
who concluded that it was a juvenile L. xenopterus based on the following
characters: a small crake with a well-developed tail and bill shape and proportions
that agree with the genus Laterallus; rufous feathers of the incoming adult plumage
on the head- and neck-sides; buffy-cream feathers appearing on the lower throat and
upper breast (eliminating L. /eucopyrrhus which has white underparts); and white
barring appearing on the upperwing surface. The undertail-coverts are black
centrally and barred black and white laterally, thereby recalling the descriptions of
L. xenopterus by Lowen et al. (1996) and Brace et al. (1998), but differing from
other reports, which mention the vent as being entirely black (Myers & Hansen
i980, Storer 1981). According to BT (pers. comm. 2005), the present bird was in
post-natal plumage, as other Laterallus are known to present a dark, plain first
plumage. An illustrated and more detailed description of this juvenile is in
preparation and will be presented elsewhere. This is the first record of L. xenopterus
in Minas Gerais (see Mattos et al. 1993), extending the species’ range c.460 km to
the north-east from Itirapina and c.400 km to the south-east from the Distrito
Federal.

AZURE GALLINULE Porphyrio flavirostris

Remsen & Parker (1990) mentioned two specimens from Minas Gerais, taken at
Lagoa Santa, near Belo Horizonte, in September 1839 and April 1866, but we have
seen no other published state records. GMK et al. observed a single adult at a
heavily reed-fringed freshwater lake, with much emergent and floating vegetation,
and set in agricultural fields, c.30 km north of Piumhi (town centred on 20°28’S,
45°58’ W), in western Minas Gerais, on 21 October 2004, closely according with the
period predicted by Remsen & Parker (1990) as being most likely to produce
sightings beyond the species’ usual range.

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. a Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

PEARLY-BREASTED CUCKOO Coccyzus euleri

Despite its wide range, this is a rare and little-known cuckoo (Hilty & Brown 1986,
Sick 1997). On 15-16 November 2002, one was observed by MFV and SDN at
Fazenda do Senhor Onofre Sandinha. On 18 December 2004 another individual was
observed and tape-recorded at Fazenda Travessia.

PLAIN-TAILED NIGHTHAWK WN)jyctiprogne vielliardi

A lone individual of this recently described species (Lencioni-Neto 1994) was
observed by MFV in flight over the rio Gorutuba, Campus Avancado de Janauba, at
dusk, on 11 April 2002. All known records for this species are from the rio Sao
Francisco Valley (Lencioni-Neto 1994, Kirwan ef al. 2001, 2004, Whitney et al.
2003, Cleere 2004). This record extends the species’ range c.50 km to the east.

BROAD-TIPPED HERMIT 4Anopetia gounellei

Recently recorded in Minas Gerais by Parrini & Pacheco (1997) in Janatba
municipality. At least three individuals were observed by MFV and SDN in an area
of arboreal caatinga at Fazenda Imburana on 18 February 2001, 31 March 2002 and
2 September 2002. Two plant species of the Acanthaceae family were observed
being visited by this hermit. These are the southernmost records for the species
(Parrini & Pacheco 1997, Sick 1997, Hinkelmann 1999). On 23 September 2002, a
male (DZUFMG 3520) was collected by MFV in caatinga woodland at Campus
Avang¢ado de Janauba whilst visiting flowers of an arboreal species of Capparis
(Capparaceae). Broad-tipped Hermit is very rare in scientific collections
(Hinkelmann 1999), and this appears to represent the first known specimen for
Minas Gerais.

SOMBRE HUMMINGBIRD 4phantochroa cirrochloris

Several were observed and photographed by SDN in riparian forest at Sitio Duboca,
during visits to the area in 2000. Although considered as being endemic to the
Atlantic Forest (e.g. Stotz et al. 1996), its range also reaches interior Brazil (Sick
1997, Ziuichner 1999). That our records were made in the transition between
Caatinga and Cerrado reinforces that this species cannot be considered an endemic
to the Atlantic Forest. Indeed, A. cirrochloris has long been known from the state of
Goias (Pinto 1936) and its presence has also been registered recently at the Estacao
Ecologica de Aguas Emendadas, Distrito Federal (Lopes ef al. 2005), further
emphasising the species’ more widespread distribution and habitat preferences.

BLUE-TUFTED STARTHROAT ZHeliomaster furcifer

In Minas Gerais known from only a specimen taken by Natterer at Sao Domingos
(Pelzeln 1871, Pacheco 1998) and from three areas without precise details, namely
around Paracatu, Triangulo Mineiro and Serra Negra (Mattos et al. 1991a,b). On 7
July 2003 an adult male was observed by SDN visiting flowers of a species of
Calliandra (Leguminosae) in the city of Francisco Sa. On 9-10 August 2003, a male

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 218 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

was photographed visiting a hummingbird feeder in the same place. This appears to
be the second documented record of Blue-tufted Starthroat in Minas Gerais.

CHECKERED WOODPECKER Picoides mixtus

This little-known woodpecker has recently been found far to the north of its
previously known range (Silveira et al. 2001, Beadle et al. 2004). It is rare in
scientific collections (Silveira et al. 2001). On 28 May 1994, MGD observed a male
feeding on termites in a cerrado area at Ilha do Boi. A female was also observed by
MGD, on 19 February 1997, at a gallery forest border beside Rolinho stream, near
‘Rancho de Pedra’, in Serra da Canastra National Park. This appears to be the only
published record for this protected area (Silveira 1998). A male was observed in
very heavily degraded cerrado near the rio das Velhas, south of Pirapora, on 12
February 2002 (GMK), the only record from this area despite reasonably regular
visits during most months of the year. On 29 October 2002, a pair was collected by
MFV and SDN in cerrado at Sitio Recanto (DZUFMG 3526-3527), being initially
attracted by imitating the song of Ferruginous Pygmy-owl Glaucidium brasilianum.
On 11 November 2002, an additional female was taken by MFV and SDN (MHNT
4556) in cerrado rupestre at the same site. The most regular locality for P. mixtus in
Minas Gerais appears to be the cerrados below the Serra do Cip6o (pers. obs., K. J.
Zimmer & A. Whittaker pers. obs.).

GIANT ANTSHRIKE Batara cinerea

Nominate cinerea is known from the forests of south-east Brazil, from southern
Espirito Santo to northern Rio Grande do Sul, and adjacent north-east Argentina
(Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Zimmer & Isler 2003). The northernmost records are from
Itacolomi, Minas Gerais (Andrade 1998), Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo (Simon 2000,
Willis & Oniki 2002), and the Serra do Caraga, Minas Gerais (Vasconcelos et al.
2003c). On 19 May 2004, a male was tape-recorded and collected by MRB, MFV
and SDN in cerrado rupestre (elevation 965 m) at Mata do Isidoro. The specimen
(DZUFMG 4166) was compared to another male (DZUFMG 904) taken on 29 July
1971 at Salesopolis, SAo Paulo, by E. Dente. No variation in plumage was observed,
confirming the new specimen as being also referable to nominate cinerea. This
record extends the subspecies’ range c.225 km to the north.

CAATINGA ANTWREN Herpsilochmus sellowi

We found this recently described species common in several caatinga woodlands
and semi-deciduous forests in northern Minas Gerais. Specimens were collected by
MFV and SDN at Fazenda Imburana (DZUFMG 3375-3377) on 31 March 2002
and at Fazenda Maria das Neves (DZUFMG 3839) on 7 May 2003. These are the
southernmost records for this species (Whitney eft al. 2000, Kirwan et al. 2001,
Zimmer & Isler 2003).

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 219 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

NARROW-BILLED ANTWREN Formicivora iheringi

Recent records of this Brazilian endemic and globally threatened species have
extended its previously known range to the south-west (D’ Angelo Neto et al. 2001,
D’ Angelo Neto & Vasconcelos 2004). On 21 May 2004 SDN, MRB and MFV heard
the species’ typical call in a semi-deciduous forest at Mendanha, thereby extending
its range c.115 km to the south. On 30 July 2004, JFS observed a male at Fazenda
Sao Miguel within a mixed-species flock containing Planalto Slaty-antshrike
Thamnophilus pelzelni, Black-capped Antwren Herpsilochmus atricapillus,
Tropical Gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbea and Golden-crowned Warbler
Basileuterus culicivorus. Additional specimens were obtained by MFV at Fazenda
do Senhor Onofre Sandinha (DZUFMG 4018-4019, MHNT 4557), Campo Limpo
(DZUFMG 3873) and Catutiba (DZUFMG 3865).

WHITE-SHOULDERED FIRE-EYE Pyvriglena leucoptera

A typical and widespread species of the Atlantic Forest of south-east Brazil and
adjacent eastern Paraguay and north-east Argentina (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Sick
1997, Zimmer & Isler 2003). On 3 July 2003 a male was tape-recorded by MFV in
a gallery forest along the rio Santa Catarina. Next day, it was tape-recorded and
attracted to playback at the same site. This is the second locality for White-
shouldered Fire-eye in the Cerrado, the first being Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais
(Reinhardt 1870, Silva 1995, Christiansen & Pitter 1997). Nevertheless, Lagoa
Santa is located in the transition zone between the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (see
Christiansen & Pitter 1997), whereas the present record is from within the Cerrado
proper and extends the species’ range to interior Brazil. The dispersal of many
Atlantic Forest taxa, including birds, into the Cerrado is purported to occur via
gallery forests (Redford & Fonseca 1986, Vielliard 1990, Silva 1996, Oliveira-Filho
& Ratter 1995, 2000, Silva & Vielliard 2000), which hypothesis might also explain
the occurrence of White-shouldered Fire-eye in north-west Minas Gerais. The
species occurs in small gallery forests surrounded by cerrado near Serra da Canastra
National Park (GMK pers. obs., A. Whittaker & K. J. Zimmer pers. obs.).

WHITE-BROWED ANTPITTA Aylopezus ochroleucus

Common in the Caatinga and semi-deciduous forests of northern Minas Gerais.
Specimens were obtained by MFV and SDN from Fazenda Baixa da Lasca
(DZUFMG 2776, 3439, MHNT 4486), Mata do Lobo (DZUFMG 3324) and
Fazenda Maria das Neves (DZUFMG 3840). These are the southernmost known
records of the species (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Whitney ef a/. 1995, Kirwan et al.
2001, Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003).

CRYPTIC ANTTHRUSH Chamaeza meruloides

On 25 February 2005, one was tape-recorded by SDN in a forest fragment at Santa
Joana. This appears to be the most interior record of this Atlantic Forest endemic in
Minas Gerais state (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Krabbe & Schulenberg 2003).

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 220 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

CAMPO MINER Geositta poeciloptera

Our available knowledge of this rather poorly known and possibly at risk species
was most recently summarised by Remsen (2003). During regular visits to Serra da
Canastra National Park since 1995, GMK has not infrequently found this species,
most usually in October. Geositta poeciloptera is often abundant there, if present at
all. Available breeding data for this taxon are very few, with three nests, all in
September, being the only published data (Remsen 2003). GMK has observed the
species in display-flights on many occasions in October, and in October 2004 even
observed a bird apparently holding territory in agricultural grassy areas surrounding
a tiny patch (just a few square metres) of modified campo, beside the road to Sao
Roque de Minas (20°20’S, 46°23’W). Given that Remsen (2003) postulated that
agriculturalisation posed a long-term threat to the species, the latter observation is
potentially significant. We have also frequently noted the species’ apparently strong
attachment to very recently burnt areas, as has been well documented in the
literature, and we have watched birds unconcernedly continue to feed as little as few
metres from observers (although the species can also be very wary), ‘hammering’
and digging in the ground for food, extracting up to c.5 cm-long larvae from the
scorched earth, and continually making short, rapid, but certainly not furtive
movements. Once they commence to regenerate, such recently burnt areas are rich
in herbivorous insects, particularly grasshoppers. A. Whittaker & K. J. Zimmer
(pers. obs.) noted that flush counts of grasshoppers at such sites in Canastra, in
September 2001, were remarkably high, and birds at the burns, including Campo
Miners, seemed to concentrating on the temporarily most abundant prey. Whereas
both White-rumped Xolmis velatus and Grey Monjitas X. cinereus pounced on
grasshoppers from above, the miners flutter-pursued grasshoppers that they flushed
from the ground. Apparently, when conditions are optimal at regenerating burns, the
resulting flush of insects provides a super resource for any insectivorous bird whose
physiology and breeding system permits them to be sufficiently opportunistic to
exploit such ephemeral conditions. Occasionally, Campo Miner may tread the same
tiny area of ground rapidly for a few seconds, as if trying to disturb potential prey,
although they were not noted to feed directly as a result of such activity. Birds also
reach up, stretching the neck to the full extent, to extract small insects from grasses
and plants, and also inspecting seedheads in this way. Such behaviour 1s somewhat
reminiscent of that in some Old World pipits and wagtails. Whilst feeding, G
poeciloptera continually bobs the rear part of the body and tail, the latter actually
just touching the ground during c.30% of such movements.

CHOTOY SPINETAIL Schoeniophylax phryganophilus

The subspecies S. p. petersi is known from along the rio Sao Francisco Valley,
between northern Minas Gerais and central Bahia (Willis & Oniki 1991, Ridgely &
Tudor 1994, Kirwan et al. 2001, 2004, Remsen 2003). Nevertheless, its validity
requires confirmation (see discussion in Remsen 2003 and Kirwan et al. 2004) and
will be the subject of a future communication (Vasconcelos & Kirwan in prep.).

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. D&al\ Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Specimens were collected by MFV and SDN at Fazenda Baixa da Lasca (DZUFMG
2842-2844, MHNT 4411) and around the town of Francisco Sa (DZUFMG
3967-3968) in 2000—03, extending the species’ range to the west slope of the
Espinhaco range. Furthermore, SDN and MFV observed the species in degraded
caatinga at Porto Mandacaru on 3 July 2001 and at the rio Bananal, on 17 December
2002, extending the range c.150 km to the east and constituting the first records in
the rio Jequitinhonha Valley. Additional specimens were also obtained by MFV and
JFS at Fazenda Jacaré-Riachao (DZUFMG 4202-4205), on 9-10 April 2004. These
records extend, by c.100 km, the subspecies’ range to the south, as the southernmost
limit was previously considered to lie between Varzea da Palma and Lassance
(Kirwan et al. 2004). MGD observed this species in degraded cerrado at Fazenda
Brejao, in January 1991, 1992 and 1933. On 8 November 1995, he also observed
one at the border of a gallery forest near a vereda at Fazenda Campo Alegre. These
appear to be the westernmost records for the taxon. Other new localities, within the
previously known range for the species, include wet grassland beside the rio Sao
Francisco in Pirapora town (17°21’S, 44°56’W), Fazenda Nossa Senhora de
Aparecida, Itacarambi (15°05’S, 44°07’ W; see Kirwan et a/. 2001) and the rio das
Velhas, south of Pirapora (all GMK).

CINEREOUS-BREASTED SPINETAIL Synallaxis hypospodia

Very poorly known in Minas Gerais, where Remsen (2003) mapped it for the north-
west of the state, in the Sao Francisco Valley. We have never found the species there
(despite numerous visits) and, indeed, the only documentary evidence of its
occurrence there (and the entire state) appears to be those specimens held in MNRJ
taken at Brejo Januaria, by Snethlage in 1926 (MNRJ 15704, 15706). It was thus
rather surprising to discover a pair of the species in dense second-growth bordering
a damp brejo near Cristiano Otoni (20°83’S, 43°80’W), c.100 km south of Belo
Horizonte, on 24 August 2004 (GMK et al.). The identification was based on the
following features in combination: pale rufous crown not quite extending to
forehead, pale rufous wing-coverts, long, slightly graduated dull brown tail with no
hint of reddish brown, rather pale chin and throat, with traces of dark (blackish)
confined to the lower throat, and otherwise well-saturated grey underparts and face,
including ear-coverts and lores. Sooty-fronted Spinetail S. frontalis has a rufous tail,
which also appears rather spikier, whilst Spix’s Spinetail S. spixi has an entirely
rufous cap (including the forecrown) and a more solidly black lower throat.
Although no vocalisations were heard which could be directly attributed to the pair
of S. hypospodia, GMK is very familiar with the voices of both potential confusion
species, neither of which were heard at this site during the c.45-minute observation
period. This observation extends the species’ range by c.250 km to the south of the
Sao Francisco Valley.

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. Dad Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

GREATER THORNBIRD Phacellodomus ruber

Not mapped south of the Sao Francisco Valley in Minas Gerais by Remsen (2003),
but we are aware of the following localities for the species: Uberlandia (DZUFMG
798-800), Uberaba (tape-recordings in 2002), Fazenda Jacaré-Riachao (DZUFMG
4232, 4403), and Sitio Recanto (DZUFMG 3532, MHNT 4554). A record from the
Lavras region, in southern Minas Gerais (Vasconcelos et al. 2002a) has
subsequently been withdrawn (Vasconcelos & D’ Angelo Neto 2005). However, on
24 August 2004, GMK eft al. found a pair of this species collecting nesting material
in gallery woodland close to a marsh near Cristiano Otoni (for coordinates see
previous species), c.100 km south of Belo Horizonte, thereby suggesting that the
species does, at least locally, reach the southern half of the state.

POINT-TAILED PALMCREEPER Berlepschia rikeri

This furnariid is restricted to veredas and other palm groves, especially those with
Mauritia flexuosa. It ranges from Venezuela and Colombia south to Bolivia and
north-central Brazil (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Sick 1997, Remsen 2003). The
southernmost published record appears to be from the EstacAo Ecolégica de Aguas
Emendadas, Distrito Federal (Bagno 1998, Bagno & Marinho-Filho 2001). On June
1993, MGD observed one foraging in a Mauritia palm at a vereda in Fazenda Bom
Sucesso. This 1s the first record of the species in Minas Gerais (Mattos et al. 1993),
a range extension of c.170 km, and the southernmost known record.

RUSSET-MANTLED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Syndactyla dimidiata

This Cerrado endemic (Silva 1995, Silva & Vielliard 2000) is distributed in central
Brazil and north-east Paraguay (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Remsen 2003). There are
apparently no published records from the east bank of the rio Sao Francisco
(Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Remsen 2003). Robbins & Zimmer (2005) provided a
relatively complete list of specimen localities. On 8 October 1996, one was
observed by SDN foraging in the understorey of a gallery forest at Chapada do
Catuni. On 9 July 2000, a pair was observed foraging with a mixed-species flock in
the mid strata of a gallery forest at Santa Marta. Further, on 21 May 2004, MRB,
SDN, MFV and R. B. Lopes observed and tape-recorded one in semi-deciduous
forest at Mendanha. These records demonstrate that the eastern boundaries of the
species’ range are not confined by the west bank of the rio Sao Francisco, or by the
west slope of the Espinhaco range. We follow Robbins & Zimmer (2005) in
transferring this species to Syndactyla from Philydor.

GREAT XENOPS Megaxenops parnaguae

One responding to playback at the ecotone between low caatinga woodland and
wooded cerrado, c.15 km west of Lagoa dos Patos, on 11 August 2005 (GMK et
al.). Previously considered largely endemic to the Caatinga (e.g. Ridgely & Tudor
1994), this species has since been found at a number of localities within the Cerrado
region, e.g. at Paracatu and Buritis (both in Minas Gerais), and at Brasilia (Distrito

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 223 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Federal). Megaxenops appears far from rare in northern parts of Minas Gerais with
suitable habitat, and we have it found reasonably common even in heavily degraded
and disturbed caatingas, e.g. beside main roads, as well as, unsurprisingly, in
extensive areas of suitable habitat, such as on the east bank of the rio Sao Francisco
between Mocambinho and Espina¢go, on the north-west flank of the Serra do
Espinhaco. Given its former status as ‘rare’ (Ridgely & Tudor 1994) and ongoing
deforestation within the Caatinga (cf. O Globo Revista, 19 September 2004), the
species’ presence within the recently declared Parque Nacional Cavernas do
Peruacu, one of the relatively few protected areas known to harbour the species, is
noteworthy (Remsen 2003).

STRIPE-NECKED TODY-TYRANT ZHemitriccus striaticollis

Poorly known in Minas Gerais, where principally recorded in the Sao Francisco
Valley (Kirwan et al. 2001, 2004), although not mapped for this region by Clock
(2004). Recently discovered by GMK et al. in low-stature (c.6-m tall) dry forest
along creeks north of Sao José de Almeida (18°40’S, 43°59’ W), north-east of Belo
Horizonte, in late-August and late-October 2004, a range extension of c.230 km
southwards. In our experience, this species often appears to be found in close
proximity to watercourses, but not specifically in gallery woodland, merely in
woodland through which small creeks or even broader rivers may be running. This
association does not appear to have been mentioned in the mainstream literature
(e.g. Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Clock 2004).

CHAPADA FLYCATCHER Suiriri islerorum

Recently described and virtually endemic to Brazil (Zimmer et al. 2001), available
knowledge was summarised by Robbins (2004) and subsequently augmented by
Lopes (2005) and Lopes & Marini (2005), who in particular drew attention to some
previously overlooked museum specimens, including two from Minas Gerais, taken
by H. F. Berla at Lagoa Santa, just north of Belo Horizonte. There are additional
specimens of islerorum from the same locality that have not previously been
mentioned in the literature, namely the following in the Zoological Museum,
University of Copenhagen (ZMUC): a female in worn plumage taken 8 November
1835 by P. W. Lund (ZMUC 80261), a male in fresh plumage collected 11 March
1836 by P. W. Lund (ZMUC 80264), and a female in The Natural History Museum
(NHM;; Tring) taken on 13 July 1847 (NHM 1888.1.13.639). There is also another
male in worn plumage (ZMUC 80263), from Paracatu, Minas Gerais (17°13’S,
46°52’W), on the rio Paracatu, near the border with Goias, taken on 6 September
1834, again by P. W. Lund, who also seems to have collected a male Suiriri affinis
at the same locality on the same day (ZMUC 80262), making this one of the few
known localities where these two species apparently occur in sympatry. During field
work in the Lagoa Santa region (town centred on 19°38’S, 43°53’ W) in late-August
2004, GMK relocated S. islerorum by virtue of its distinctive dawn song
accompanied by wing-lifting display, in rather modified cerrado a few kilometres

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 224 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

north-east of the same town, confirming the species’ continued presence in the state,
which thus marks the easternmost extremity of its range. There is much suitable,
wooded cerrado habitat for both S. islerorum and S. affinis (which is also present in
this region), from approximately immediately west of Lagoa Santa town, at the
junction of the MG-424 and MG-010 to c.5 km north-east of Sao José de Almeida,
along the MG-010, and, although infrastructural development, particularly
residential construction (including second homes and holiday accommodation), in
the area continues moderately apace, away from roads both species are probably
still common. Additional, recently discovered, localities for the species in Minas
Gerais, are Fazenda Sao Bento, west of Patis (town centred on 16°07’S, 44°08’ W),
and lightly wooded cerrado west of Lagoa dos Patos (16°97’S, 44°57’ W). At the
second-named locality Suiriri affinis 1s also present and the two species seem to
frequently occur side-by-side, at least in late winter (August-September) (GMK
pers. obs.). However, relatively nearby, south of Pirapora, we have only encountered
S. affinis. Nonetheless, we suspect S. islerorum is a common constituent of the
better-wooded cerrados of northern Minas Gerais.

RUFOUS-SIDED PYGMY-TYRANT Euscarthmus rufomarginatus

Recently discovered at Chapada do Catuni (D’Angelo Neto & Queiroz 2001), the
species is rare in scientific collections. On 28 May 2003 a male (DZUFMG 3820)
was tape-recorded and collected by MFV and SDN in cerrado at Sitio Recanto, near
Chapada do Catuni.

MINAS GERAIS TYRANNULET Phylloscartes roquettei

This globally threatened species (BirdLife International 2000, 2004) is known from
a handful of recent localities in northern Minas Gerais (Kirwan et al. 2001, 2004,
Raposo et al. 2002, Fitzpatrick 2004). A previously unpublished record belongs to
J. F. Pacheco, who with R. Ribon, observed and tape-recorded P. roquettei at the
Projeto Jaiba, Mocambinho (c.15°05’S, 44°00’W), on 18 September 1996. The
recording has been confirmed as belonging to this species by R. Parrini and B. M.
Whitney. Mocambinho becomes the northernmost locality known to date, and raises
the possibility that the species might be located in contiguous, similar suitable
habitat in south-west Bahia. More recently, on 25 July 2000, three were observed by
SDN foraging in the canopy of a dry forest on a limestone outcrop at Sitio Duboca.
On 15 August 2000 and 21 April 2005, more were observed and tape-recorded by
SDN at the same site. This is the sixth known locality for P. roquettei. It might also
be remarked that the regular territory south of Pirapora, centred on the Corrego dos
Ovos (see Raposo et al. 2002), continues to be occupied and, on 4 September 2005,
the pair had a partially built nest, constructed on perhaps the same branch as that in
October 2002 (Kirwan et al. 2004), close to a prominent termitarium and also in
near proximity to a nest under construction of Yellow-breasted Flycatcher
lolmomyias flaviventris, suggesting strong nest-site fidelity, although it might also
be remarked that suitable habitat for P roquettei is rather limited in this area.

—_——— ——— hr

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 225 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

CAATINGA BLACK-TYRANT Knipolegus franciscanus

Though not generally regarded as a species (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Scholes 2004),
franciscanus is an interesting, highly disjunct and poorly known taxon. Available
information on its life history traits are extremely few and, indeed, are not often
specifically elucidated given the decision of many commentators to maintain
franciscanus as a form of K. aterrimus, prompting us to comment on its winter
behaviour and feeding strategies here, based on observations by GMK in
August-September 2005. At this season, in contrast to the austral summer,
franciscanus seems much less tied to limestone rocky outcrops, being sometimes
found many kilometres from such microhabitat. In winter, male fransciscanus 1s a
regular component of canopy and mid-level flocks which typically also include
Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus reiseri, Wagler’s Woodcreeper
Lepidocolaptes wagleri, Streaked Xenops Xenops_ rutilans, Yellow-breasted
Flycatcher Jolmomyias flaviventris, Ash-throated Casiornis Casiornis fuscus,
Tropical Gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbea, Rufous-browed Peppershrike Cyclarhis
gujanensis, Chestnut-vented Conebill Conirostrum speciosum, Hooded Tanager
Nemosia pileata and, more occasionally, Reiser’s Tyrannulet Phyllomyias reiseri
(e.g. at Fazenda Nossa Senhora de Aparecida, Itacarambi). Females, in contrast, are
apparently much more solitary and were never found within mixed-species flocks at
this season, and were usually noted within 2 m of the ground, rather than in the
crown of canopy trees. They perched quietly in the lower branches or undergrowth
of dry forests or second-growth caatingas, hunting from more concealed perches,
1.0—2.5 m up (males were typically very bold and obvious at this season, sallying
from exposed, high perches). Females were also more frequently noted away from
tall semi-deciduous forest than males, and even descending to the ground to take
unidentified insect prey. Both sexes performed sally-gleans usually to bark surfaces,
but also to leaves, although there were relatively few leaves on the trees at this
season.

RUFOUS CASIORNIS Casiornis rufus /

ASH-THROATED CASIORNIS C. fuscus

Snow (1973) opined that Casiornis fuscus might prove conspecific with C. rufus
(speculation thereafter repeated by most subsequent commentators on this genus)
based on the availability of ‘intermediates’, although the provenance or
whereabouts of such specimens with mixed characters was not stated.
Unfortunately, D. W. Snow (in litt. 2005) reports that his notes from this period are
now lost, but recalls that he examined specimens in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo,
Belém, New York, Cornell, Washington and Philadelphia at this time. Snow (1973)
also pointed to the largely allopatric ranges of C. fuscus and rufus, but subsequent
field work has demonstrated the two to be slightly more widely sympatric, but
probably largely syntopic at least when breeding, than previously known (see
below). Various characters are useful in separating typical individuals of C. fuscus
from C. rufus, amongst them the browner back, greyer upper breast and slightly

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 226 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

yellower belly of the former (Farnsworth & Langham 2004), and, as noted by
Ridgely & Tudor (1994), the dusky wings, broadly fringed rufous to buff, of fuscus,
a feature which in our experience is especially noticeable on the tertials. However,
in early-August 2005, GMK encountered at least two C. rufus at the rio das Velhas,
south of Pirapora, which displayed a tertial pattern inclining to that of fuscus, but in
all other respects were morphologically classic of rufus. Furthermore, these
individuals, like the several other, obvious examples of rufus present at the same site
(where it seems to be a breeding resident, somewhat north-east of the range mapped
by Ridgely & Tudor 1994 and Farnsworth & Langham 2004), all perched lower than
2 m in the trees, whereas fuscus is, in our experience in this general region, restricted
to much taller woodland where it typically perches in the mid storey to canopy, not
in the lower growth. (In other areas, e.g. in north-east Amazonia during the non-
breeding season, such distinctions in foraging height and habitat use may not be
consistent. )

The Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro has 17 specimens of fuscus (of which
three are males, nine females and the rest unsexed) from Maranhao (3), Ceara (2),
Pernambuco (1), Bahia (1), Goias (2), Minas Gerais (2) and Mato Grosso (3, all
from Jacaré, on the upper rio Xingu, in June—August), as well as 19 rufus (11 males,
four females, the others unsexed) from Mato Grosso (9), Minas Gerais (1) and Goias
(7). (Two rufus and three fuscus lack locality data.) Two rufus, e.g. a male from
Planaltino, Goias (MNRJ 6013), taken in June, show slight dark tertial centres
(especially the innermost) but are, in all other respects, ‘normal’, and the level of
contrast in the tertial pattern is far less striking than in any fuscus held in the same
collection. The same is true of seven specimens (of a total of 44 rufus) with some
dark on the tertials in the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Chicago, none
of which is from any potential zone of overlap. Whether such individuals might be
considered ‘intermediates’ demands further investigation (though we have never
found C. fuscus at the site south of Pirapora), as it seems highly possible that such
birds merely represent an extreme of individual variation or a previously
undescribed, presumably age- rather than sex-related, plumage of rufus, although it
should be added that most species at Pirapora were patently not breeding at this
season. Furthermore, between 21 September and 1 October 1993, José Maria
Cardoso da Silva, Dionisio Pimentel Neto and J. Ribeiro collected both species of
Casiornis at Fazenda Cipasa (13°35’S, 46°49’W), Sao Domingos, Goias state, in
central Brazil. These specimens are housed at Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi
(MPEG), in Belém, Para, and comprise three C. fuscus (MPEG 51193-51195) and
five C. rufus (MPEG 51196-51200). MFV compared this material with specimens
from other regions already housed at the MPEG, but found no evidence of mixed
characters in the plumage of the two species. There are 14 specimens of rufus in the
Natural History Museum (Tring), all from Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil (labelled
Mato Grosso and Goias), but none of these shows any evidence of intergradation.
This is also true of the 13 specimens of rufus, from Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay,
in the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington DC. Luis Fabio

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 227 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Silveira (in itt. 2006) confirms that none of those specimens held at MZUSP can be
considered ‘intermediate’. We have not examined Casiornis material at any of the
museums in the USA visited by Snow, but as Ridgely & Tudor (1994) and
subsequent North American authors have found no evidence of such intergradation,
it seems reasonable to assume that no birds with mixed characters are present in the
four USA institutions mentioned above.

In addition to our noting (above) that Rufous Casiornis is present in the lower
Sao Francisco Valley in the breeding season, outside the usually mapped range, it
seems worthwhile to clarify some other statements that have entered the more
popular literature. In January 1999, MFV and José Maria Cardoso da Silva collected
Casiornis rufus in the savannas of Monte Alegre, Para, in northern Brazil, in which
region it was also encountered by Snethlage (1914) and also collected, at Lago
Grande in August 1920, by W. Garbe (Pinto 1944). In Ridgely & Tudor (1994), the
only known site north of the Amazon is erroneously listed as ‘Porto’ Alegre, and in
Farnsworth & Langham (2004) the map copies the former work but the text also
lists C. rufus for ‘S Amapa’ (where it has been recorded once recently, at the
interface between a gallery forest and cerrado, between Macapa and Porto Grande,
on 12 February 1999; K. J. Zimmer in Jitt. 2006, Whittaker 2004). It should further
be remarked that the presence of C. rufus in southern Para in January suggests to us
the presence of a breeding population well north of its currently ascribed range,
rather than austral migrants, which these were ‘relegated’ by Ridgely & Tudor
(1994) and Farnsworth & Langham (2004). During a brief visit to the /avrados (see
Silveira et al. 2005) of Monte Alegre, in December 2005, GMK failed to locate C.
rufus but noted that the vast majority of Tyrannidae encountered in this region were
breeding (either in courtship or nest building) at this time. Bolivian specimens of
rufus 11 FMNH included males with enlarged testes and females that had recently
laid in late November and early December; Scholes (2004) states that breeding dates
are unpublished.

Virtually nothing is known concerning the diet and feeding behaviour of
Casiornis fuscus, beyond that it ‘probably sallies for insects’ (Farnsworth &
Langham 2004). In the austral winter of 2005, GMK made a number of observations
concerning food and feeding at several localities in the middle reaches of the Sao
Francisco Valley. At this and sometimes other seasons, C. fuscus regularly associates
with relatively small (in terms of number of individual birds) mixed-species flocks
(the composition of which is described under Knipolegus franciscanus). Typically,
the species spends some time slowly and methodically scanning its surroundings
from a high perch, before making a short upward sally-glean to a bark surface, then
a 1.0—1.5-m flight to the next perch, which is usually at the same height or slightly
lower than that initially utilised. It usually proved impossible to identify prey items,
but once a c.4-cm caterpillar was taken, swallowed whole after being beaten c.10
times against the bird’s perch. Stomach contents for eight C. fuscus in MNRJ are
thus: solely insects (6), insects and small fruits (1) and solely small fruits (1). The
diet and feeding behaviour of C. rufus is also very poorly known (Farnsworth &

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 228 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Langham 2004); we have only observed this species to feed on flying insects, caught
during short sallies from low perches, sometimes very close to the ground and in a
manner generally not dissimiliar to a Myiarchus flycatcher. K. J. Zimmer (in itt.
2006) records that, in his experience, C. rufus forages from 1 m above the ground
to the canopy. In the Pantanal, the species is regularly encountered with mixed-
species flocks of insectivores in the understorey of gallery forest, particularly during
the middle hours of the day, when it is usually within 3 m of the ground. However,
in the early morning, it is regularly found in the canopy and subcanopy, and at forest
edges (which latter is also our experience in northern Minas Gerais). At Alta
Floresta, where the species seems to occur only in semi-deciduous forest growing in
poor soils atop some of the small serras, it regularly forages to heights of 10 m+.
He agrees that, on average, C. fuscus forages higher (probably seldom lower than 5
m above ground), but Zimmer considers C. rufus to be more flexible, even adjusting
its behaviour during the course of the day as described above. Stomach content data
are also available for ten MNRJ specimens as follows: only insects (8), small fruits
and insects (1) and fruits and insects (1). Weights of the FMNH specimens of rufus
vary from 20.2g to 25g, the former lighter than the lower limit given by Scholes
(2004)

PURPLE MARTIN Progne subis

Although mapped as wintering over a rather extensive area of south-central Brazil
by Turner (2004), specific localities for both wintering birds and migrants appear, in
fact, to be rather few (Paynter 1995, Sick 1997). The dangers of ‘over-mapping’ the
ranges of Nearctic migrants wintering in the Neotropics were ably demonstrated by
Remsen (2001); see also Sand Martin Riparia riparia and Cliff Swallow
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota. GMK encountered an adult male over a residential area
near Vespasiano (19°40’S, 43°55’W), just north of Belo Horizonte, on 28 October
2004. On 4 September 2005, two moulting adult males were observed feeding over
the rio das Velhas, south of Pirapora, on 6 September 2005, another two males were
encountered over the rio Sao Francisco at Mocambinho (GMK, R. Schaefer; see
description of this locality in Kirwan et al. 2001) and on 1 March 2006 a male was
observed on active migration at the foot of the Serra do Cipo (GMK). Care was
taken to separate these birds from the remotely possible Southern Martin P. elegans,
which in males is much less bright purple-blue than the present species and has a
longer and more deeply forked tail.

SAND MARTIN Riparia riparia

Mapped as wintering over a rather extensive area of South America by Turner
(2004), but specific localities for both wintering birds and migrants in Brazil seem
to be rather few (Paynter 1995 maps just 17 localities), and the species is generally
rather scarce in the country, with the largest numbers recorded in the Manaus area,
Amazonas (Stotz et al. 1992). In the south-east of the country, there seems to be
rather few records for Rio de Janeiro (J. F. Pacheco in /itt. 2006) and Willis & Oniki

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 229 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

(2003) map 13 localities for the species in Sao Paulo state. GMK observed one on
active migration at the foot of the Serra do Cip6 on 2 March 2006. There seem to be
no previously published records for Minas Gerais, but the late N. Carnevalli
reported to MFV that he had observed the species in the Triangulo Mineiro, in the
west of the state.

CLIFF SWALLOW Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Mapped as wintering over a large area of south-central South America east of the
Andes by Turner (2004), but specific localities are relatively few and generally
almost entirely within the southern third of the region designated by Turner as the
species’ winter quarters (Paynter 1995, Sick 1997; see comments concerning such
‘over-mapping’ under Purple Martin). GMK has observed the species in the Serra
da Canastra National Park and adjacent areas on several occasions: c.5 feeding over
the plateau grasslands close to the source of the rio Sao Francisco, on 29 September
2002; a large south-eastwards passage involving many hundreds, if not low
thousands, of individuals on a broad front, over the grasslands of the plateau, in the
late afternoon of 23 October 2004 (when most birds were moving within a few
metres of the ground and did not pause to feed), with smaller numbers (<10) noted
on both 22 and 24 October in the vicinity of Sao Roque de Minas, at the foot of the
serra; c.250 feeding over grasslands in the park with many White-rumped Swallows
Tachycineta leucorrhoa, Tawny-headed Swallows Alopochelidon fucata, Great
Dusky Swifts Cypseloides senex, White-collared Swifts Streptoprocne zonaris and
a handful of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica on 12 October 2005; 30+ migrating
high over the southern boundary of the park on 4 March 2006, and <10 the
following day over the grasslands amongst large flocks of Blue-and-white Swallows
Notiochelidon cyanoleuca. Despite a lack of previous records from the area
(Silveira 1998, 1999), it seems that P pyrrhonota might well be regular and
abundant on passage through this region of the state, at least.

Further evidence of dramatic passage through central Brazil comes from Emas
National Park, Goias, where on 25—30 October 2005 K. J. Zimmer, A. Whittaker &
B. Carlos recorded a large movement of Cliff Swallows, with a highest
(conservative) count of over 2,000 birds on 25 October. The birds were not recorded
earlier in the day, but large numbers became conspicuous during impending stormy
weather late in the afternoon, when they foraged quite low over the grasslands. The
usual pattern was for birds to be much more conspicuous and present in larger
numbers late afternoon, although twice the observers noted 200—500 in the early
mornings as well. On most occasions, the birds were exceptionally vocal.

GREY-HEADED TANAGER Eucometis penicillata

Known in Minas Gerais from 11 published localities, principally in the central-south
of the state (Kirwan et al. 2004, Rodrigues & Gomes 2004). On 16 January 2004,
MFV and JES observed one in a gallery forest at Fazenda Jacaré-Riachao. MFV and
D. Hoffmann tape-recorded and collected a pair (DZUFMG 4225-4226), on 15 July

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 230 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

2004, in the same area. On 2 October 2004, JFS observed two individuals in a
gallery forest at Rio do Cedro. On 26 October 2004 and 4 September 2005, GMK
and R. Schaefer found the species alongside the rio das Velhas, south of Pirapora, in
dry, rather open woodland beside the river (for a description of this locality see
Kirwan et al. 2004). On the second date, at least one Grey-headed Tanager was
observed feeding on or close to the ground, on insects disturbed by ants, along with
a variety of other bird species including Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana, Rufous-
tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda, Rusty-breasted Nunlet Nonnula rubecula,
Pale-legged Hornero Furnarius leucopus, Henna-capped Foliage-gleaner
Hylocryptus rectirostris, Great Antshrike Yaraba major, Fuscous Flycatcher
Cnemotriccus fuscatus, and four species of Turdus. These records mark new sites for
this widespread species in the northern half of the state.

CHESTNUT-HEADED TANAGER Pyrrhocoma ruficeps

A pair was observed for c.10 minutes at close quarters, briefly responding to
playback and feeding in the bamboo and other understorey of gallery woodland
below the Casca D’ Anta waterfall, just within the Serra da Canastra National Park,
on 13 August 2005 (GMK et al.). The same observer searched the same area for the
species, using playback, on 12 October 2005 and 5 March 2006, but was
unsuccessful. The status of the species in the park thus remains to be confirmed
(whether resident, winter visitor or vagrant), but this is the first record for this
locality (Silveira 1998), which marks the northern limit for many Atlantic Forest
taxa, and perhaps the northernmost ever (Isler & Isler 1987) for this generally rather
uncommon species which seems particularly rare and infrequently recorded in the
northern half of its range.

LESSER GRASS-FINCH Emberizoides ypiranganus

This cryptic species is distributed in marshy areas through south-east Brazil (in Sao
Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), and adjacent areas of Argentina and Paraguay
(Eisenmann & Short 1982, Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Its northernmost limit appears
to be the Campos do Jordao, in the Serra da Mantiqueira, Sao Paulo, based on a
specimen taken by H. Liiderwaldt, on 15 November 1905 (MZUSP 5887). On 16
May 2004, two adult males (DZUFMG 4171-4172) were collected by MFV, MRB,
and R. B. Lopes at Chapada, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto (elevation 1,650 m).
Both were attracted to playback of a recording of the species on Vielliard (1995).
They were in marshy areas near streams, foraging within bushes of Chusquea
nutans (Poaceae), an endemic bamboo species to the Espinhaco range (Clark 1992).
One responded to playback and was tape-recorded. This is the first record of Lesser
Grass-finch in Minas Gerais (see Mattos et al. 1993), extending the species’ range
c.520 km to the north. The distributional pattern exhibited by E. ypiranganus is
similar to that of other animals and plants that occur regularly at mid or low
elevations in southern Brazil and adjacent areas (south of 23°30’S), but present a
patchy distribution at higher altitudes in the mountains of south-east Brazil

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 231 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

(Simpson 1979, Silveira & Cure 1993, Safford 1999, Vasconcelos 2001), suggesting
that they dispersed from an austral area to south-east Brazil during one or more
glacial epochs. During interglacial periods, with warmer climates, some populations
retracted south and others (in the north) were possibly ‘trapped’ in the mountains.
Comparison of the new specimens with a photograph of the entire series of E.
ypiranganus housed at MZUSP (including the type) failed to reveal any significant
morphological variation between northern and southern birds. Further, vocalisations
tape-recorded in the field were similar to those given by southern populations.

PALE-THROATED SERRA-FINCH Embernagra longicauda

A typical species of eastern Brazilian tablelands, found in the Espinhaco range, as
well as the Serra da Mantiqueira, Serra do Caparao and rio Doce Valley (Machado
et al. 1998, Vasconcelos 2003, Vasconcelos et al. 2003b). On 13 August 2002 one
was observed by SDN vocalising intensely within an area of campo rupestre at Serra
do Cabral. Despite being considered a western portion of the Espinhaco range, the
Serra do Cabral is isolated from the main range, and this appears to be the
westernmost record of Pale-throated Serra-finch (see map in Vasconcelos et al.
2003b).

DARK-THROATED SEEDEATER Sporophila ruficollis

This migrant seedeater was recorded by Sick (1997) on islands in the rio Sao
Francisco, in Pirapora municipality. On 13 November 2003, an adult male was
observed foraging among grasses in the surroundings of the town of Francisco Sa.
This sight record extends the known range of the species c.150 km to the east.

BLACK-BELLIED SEEDEATER Sporophila melanogaster

A male in heavily worn plumage was encountered in Serra da Canastra National
Park, on 5 March 2006 (GMK). Sick (1997) mentioned the species for only three
localities in Minas Gerais, but the species has also been recorded in the national park
before (Silveira 1998), on two occasions in October (L. F. Silveira pers. comm.
2006). At first sight, a March date might seem surprising in this area, as the species
is endemic as a breeder to northern Rio Grande do Sul and southern Santa Catarina
(Ridgely & Tudor 1989), and in the former state is present from at least 2 December
until 9 March (Belton 1985, although GMK has records from there as late as 12
March); however, there is a February record from the Distrito Federal (Sick 1997),
indicating that some return to the non-breeding grounds rather early, perhaps due to
breeding failure. The present observation and those of Silveira (1998) are the first
for the species from within a protected area in Minas Gerais (Brandt 1998).

SAO FRANCISCO SPARROW 4rremon franciscanus

This recently described species (Raposo 1997) has since been found in new
localities at Bahia and northern Minas Gerais (Parrini et al. 1999, Kirwan et al.
2001, 2004, D’Angelo Neto & Vasconcelos 2003). On 10 October 2003 a male was

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. p33 2 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

collected by MFV, SDN and JFS within second-growth caatinga in the surroundings
of Francisco SA (MZUSP 76180). This is the eighth available specimen of A.
franciscanus, and represents the southernmost record of the species (D’ Angelo Neto
& Vasconcelos 2003, Kirwan et al. 2004).

WHITE-STRIPED WARBLER Basileuterus leucophrys

This Cerrado endemic (Silva 1995, Silva & Vielliard 2000) is known from western
Bahia and Minas Gerais to interior Brazil (Ridgely & Tudor 1989, Sick 1997). All
published records are from the left bank of the rio Sao Francisco to the west. On 18
December 1999, GMK, J. Mazar Barnett and J. Minns found at least one of this
species singing in tall semi-deciduous forest beside the BR-365 road between
Pirapora and Guaicui (17°12’S, 44°49’°W), as well as several Golden-crowned
Warblers B. culicivorus. A subsequent visit to the area, by GMK, on 26 October
2004, when the same forest was practically devoid of leafy foliage, failed to locate
the species. On 18 June 2002, one was tape-recorded and observed by MGD, MFV
and SDN in a damp forest at Fazenda Sucuapara. On 13 August 2002, one was heard
singing in a gallery forest at Serra do Cabral by SDN. Three pairs were also
observed and heard by SDN in gallery forest at Ribeirao Congonhas, on 9 January
2005. Records from Ribeirao Congonhas are the first for the rio Jequitinhonha
basin. Further, all of these records extend the species’ range to the right bank of the
rio Sao Francisco. |

FORBES’S BLACKBIRD Curaeus forbesi

Four observed, both perched and in flight, at the border of Parque Nacional
Cavernas do Peruacu, on 7 September 2005, at the ecotone between tall semi-
deciduous forest and cultivated fields (GMK, R. Schaefer). For a general description
of this area see Kirwan et al. (2001). Care was taken to distinguish this rare
(globally threatened) species from the much commoner Chopi Blackbird
Gnorimpsar chopi, which was also observed in the same general area on the same
day, using those characters listed in Jaramillo & Burke (1999). Their distinctive
fluty flight calls, in comparison to the much duller sounding and less complex calls
of Gnorimpsar chopi, were clearly heard but could not be tape-recorded. There are
two previously published records, one of them unconfirmed, from the middle Sao
Francisco Valley in northern Minas Gerais (Willis & Oniki 1991, Kirwan et al.
2004), of this globally threatened and generally rather poorly known species.
Additionally, the C. forbesi was again recorded at Pirapora, in August 2003, by A.
Whittaker & K. J. Zimmer (in litt. 2006). Elsewhere, in the centre-east of the state,
south of Ipatinga, the species is well known from the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce
(c.19°30’S, 42°31’W). This discovery, just within the boundaries of the protected
area and an Endemic Bird Area (Stattersfield et a/. 1998), further underlines the
conservation importance of this recently delimited national park to the conservation
of birds in the Caatinga and the imperilled tropical semi-deciduous forests of the
Sao Francisco Valley.

Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos et al. 233 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Luis Fabio Silveira who kindly sent photographs of the series of Emberizoides ypiranganus
at MZUSP and also permitted our visits to that collection. Dr Marcos Raposo sent photographs and data
concerning the specimen of Laterallus xenopterus housed in MNRJ, and Drs Storrs L. Olson and Barry
Taylor assisted greatly in the identification of the Minas Gerais bird. Dr José Maria Cardoso da Silva et
al. collected both species of Casiornis in Goias state and permitted us to mention their records, and Dr
Alexandre Aleixo allowed MFV to study the bird collection in MPEG. GMK is grateful for the assistance
of Niels Krabbe, who sent digital photographs of Suiriri specimens held in the Zoological Museum,
University of Copenhagen, and to staff at The Natural History Museum (Tring) and the Museu Nacional
(Rio de Janeiro) for access to additional material held in these institutions. GMK received valuable
assistance from John Bates and Tom Schulenberg at FMNH, where his studies were supported by a
scholarship grant, and from James P. Dean and Christina Gebhard at NMNH. Barbara Maria, Ricardo B.
Lopes, André Nemésio, Diego Hoffmann, Dave Beadle, Chris Collins, Arthur Grosset, Juan Mazar
Barnett, Jeremy Minns, Marcio Rodrigues, Rick Schaefer and Tom Feild accompanied us during some
field expeditions, and Minns also generously proffered some playback material used by GMK. David
Snow, as always, responded helpfully to our request for information concerning Casiornis specimens
examined by him almost 40 years ago. Furthermore, we thank the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente
e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (IBAMA) and Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF-MG) for
permission to collect specimens in Minas Gerais and at Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, respectively.
Onofre Sandinha, Gustavo A. V. D’Angelo, José Moreira Junior and Claudio Manoel Alves further
permitted us to collect specimens on their properties. Dr Marcos Rodrigues (DZUFMG), Dr Luis Fabio
Silveira (MZUSP) and Dr Herculano M. F. Alvarenga (MHNT) incorporated our specimens into the
collections under their care. Joaquim A. Silva and José G. Santos Neto helped to obtain geographical data
for some collecting localities. The following served as referees for this paper: José Fernando Pacheco,
Van Remsen and Kevin J. Zimmer. We are particularly grateful to the last-named for granting permission
to use several of his unpublished observations, some made in conjunction with Andrew Whittaker and
Braulio Carlos. MFV is grateful to CAPES and the Brehm Foundation for financial support during part
of this study.

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Francisco da Silva, Rua Gongalves Figueira, 45, 39580-000, Francisco Sa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species
status for the Indian Spotted Eagle
Aquila hastata

by Ulo Vali

Received 1 November 2005

The taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila (pomarina) hastata has
been an issue of dispute. Originally described as a species, Morphnus hastatus
Lesson, 1834, it was subsequently considered a subspecies of Lesser Spotted Eagle
A. pomarina C. L. Brehm, 1831. Nominate A. p. pomarina breeds mainly in eastern
and central Europe, and in the Middle East, and is entirely migratory, whilst A. (p.)
hastata is a sedentary form restricted to India. The breeding ranges of the two are
separated by thousands of kilometres, preventing any study of the reproductive
barrier between them, the most important difference according to the Biological
Species Concept. Parry et al. (2002) found a number of morphological differences
between the two taxa, which led them to propose specific status for A. (p.) hastata.
The most striking difference noted was in gape width, smallest in 4. p. pomarina,

Ulo Vali 239 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

TABLE 1
Sequences used in the current study.

Species Locality Accession no. Source
in GenBank

Aquila (p.) hastata India AY 987286 Lerner & Mindell (2005)
A. p. pomarina Germany AJ604490 Seibold et al. (1996)
A. p. pomarina Estonia DQ462413 this study
A. clanga Pakistan AY987284 Lerner & Mindell (2005)
A. clanga Estonia DQ462414 this study
A. c. chrysaetos Switzerland AJ604486 Seibold et al. (1996)
Ictinaetus malayensis unknown AY754056 Bunce et al. (2005)
Lophaetus occipitalis South Africa AJ604502 Helbig et al. (2005a)

TABLE 2

Kimura 2-parameter nucleotide distances (above diagonal) with standard errors (below diagonal)
between six eagle taxa according to cytochrome-b gene sequences.

l 2 3 4 5 6
1. A. (p.) hastata 0.036 0.036 0.050 0.053 0.083
2. A. p. pomarina 0.006 0.018 0.038 0.050 0.076
3. A. clanga 0.006 0.004 0.040 0.051 0.078
4. I. malayensis 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.054 0.078
5. L. occipitalis 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.073
6. A. c. chrysaetos 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009

intermediate in Greater Spotted Eagle A. clanga Pallas, 1811, a closely related but
separate species, and largest in A. (p.) hastata.

Genetic analyses

Molecular markers are, in most cases, supposed to reflect a true phylogenetic
descent (Avise 1994). The divergence between mitochondrial DNA lineages of A.
clanga and A. p. pomarina suggests these species split c.1 MYA (Seibold et al.
1996). However, no genetic data for A. (p.) hastata have been available for
comparison. Recently, two extensive phylogenetic analyses of eagles have been
published, by Helbig et al. (2005a) and Lerner & Mindell (2005). Unfortunately,
these studies did not analyse jointly A. p. pomarina and A. (p.) hastata, and, hence,
did not clarify the systematics of the three spotted eagle taxa, although the need for
further studies was elucidated by these authors.

I analysed 995 bp of nucleotide sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b
gene of A. clanga, A. p. pomarina and A. (p.) hastata, and included also their closest
monophyletic relatives, Indian Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis and Long-crested
Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis (Helbig et al. 2005a, Lerner & Mindell 2005), as well

Ulo Vali 240 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Aquila clanga

Aupala pomanmna
Aupala hastata
icimaetus malayensis
Lophaehus occapdaks
Aquila cheysaetos

Figure 1. Phylogenetic maximum parsimony tree of six eagle species based on cytochrome-b sequences.

as a more distant member of the genus Aquila, A. chrysaetos, to the analysis. I used
data available in GenBank and sequenced Estonian samples of 4. clanga and A.
pomarina to diversify the geographical range of sampled individuals’ origin
(Table 1). Phylogenetic analysis was made using MEGA version 3.1 (Kumar et al.
2004).

Of the 995 nucleotides, 49 were variable amongst the three spotted eagle taxa.
According to pairwise Kimura 2-parameter distances, cytochrome-b genes of A.
clanga and A. p. pomarina differ by 1.8% (Table 2, see also Seibold et al. 1996). A.
(p.) hastata differs from both by 3.6%. Comparatively, single nucleotide
substitution was found between studied A. p. pomarina samples (0.1% difference),
and two within A. clanga (0.2%). All spotted eagles were clearly separated from the
two Lophaetus group eagles, and from A. chrysaetos. Phylogenetic reconstructions
clearly suggest that A. (p.) hastata separated from A. clanga and A. p. pomarina
before their differentiation. The topology of the retrieved phylogenetic tree was the
same using different approaches, and bootstrap analysis supported the earlier
separation of A. hastata by 97% (minimum evolution), 96% (neighbour joining) or
92% (maximum parsimony; Fig. 1).

Taxonomy and conservation

No precise divergence limit to assign species or subspecies rank to avian taxa exists,
but usually cytochrome-b sequences of subspecies differ by no more than 3%
(Helbig 2000), which is less than the divergence between A. p. pomarina and A. (p.)
hastata. Although phylogenetic trees of single genes do not always reflect species
evolution and deeper genetic analyses, based on a wider range of markers and using
more individuals, are needed in the future, the analysis of the mitochondrial
cytochrome-b gene supports those morphological and ecological studies that have
distinguished hastata specifically (Parry et al. 2002), as its difference to other
spotted eagles is larger than between those two at this locus. Using the mean
supposed evolutionary rate of avian mitochondrial coding DNA, 2% per one million
years (Lovette 2004), the split of A. hastata could have happened c.1.8 MYA.

Ulo Vili 241 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

There is also the question as to whether A. clanga and A. p. pomarina, which are
known to hybridise in the wild and produce fertile offspring (Vali & Lohmus 2004,
Helbig et al. 2005b), represent different species. However, in the area of sympatry,
the reproductive barrier in taxon level between A. clanga and A. pomarina persists,
and the possible mechanism could be the lower fertility of female hybrids or
backcrosses (Helbig et al. 2005b), which probably prevents gene-flow even after a
breakdown in ecological barriers. Therefore, it is recommended to continue to treat
A. clanga and A. pomarina specifically. These two northern species arose during
interglacial periods of the Pleistocene, after diverging from the southern members
of the Lophaetus group (Helbig et al. 2005a), including A. hastata, thereby
supporting the southerly origin (southern Asia, Africa) of Lophaetus eagles.

Obviously, the revised taxonomic status of A. hastata should be taken into
account in planning further conservation action to protect this highly endangered
bird with a world population of probably fewer than 100 pairs (Prakash 1996). The
species should be treated separately from A. pomarina, which according to the
IUCN Red List is of Least Concern (BirdLife International 2004).

Acknowledgements
I thank Hans Ellegren, Anita Gamauf and Frank Hailer for valuable comments on earlier drafts of the
manuscript. The author is supported by Estonian Science Foundation grant no. 6050 and by the Swedish
Institute within the Visby programme.

References:

Avise, J. C. 1994. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. Chapman & Hall, New York &
London.

BirdLife International. 2004. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International,
Cambridge, UK.

Bunce, M., Szulkin, M., Lerner, H. R., Barnes, I., Shapiro, B., Cooper, A. & Holdaway, R. N. 2005.
Ancient DNA provides new insights into the evolutionary history of New Zealand’s extinct giant
eagle. PLoS Biol. 3: E90044—E90046.

Helbig, A. 2000. Was ist eine Vogel-“Art’? Ein Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion um Artkonzepte in der
Ornithologie. Limicola 14: 57—79, 172-184.

Helbig A. J., Kocum, A., Seibold, I. & Braun, M. J. 2005a. A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles
(Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level. Mol. Phyl. & Evol. 35:
147-164.

Helbig, A. J., Seibold, I., Kocum, A., Liebers, D., Irwin, J., Bergmanis, U., Meyburg, B.-U., Scheller, W.,
Stubbe, M. & Bensch, S. 2005b. Genetic differentiation and hybridization between greater and lesser
spotted eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquila clanga, A. pomarina). J. Orn. 146: 226-234.

Kumar, S., Tamura, K. & Nei, M. 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics
analysis and sequence alignment. Brief. Bioinform. 5: 150-163.

Lerner, H. R. L. & Mindell, D. P. 2005. Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae
based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Phyl. & Evol. 37: 327-346.

Lovette, I. J. 2004. Mitochondrial dating and mixed support for the “2% rule” in birds. Auk 121: 1-6.

Parry, S. J., Clark, W. S. & Prakash, V. 2002. On the taxonomic status of the Indian Spotted Eagle Aquila
hastata. Ibis 144: 665-675.

Prakash, V. 1996. Status, distribution and breeding biology of the Lesser Spotted Eagle in Keoladeo
National Park. Pp. 357-375 in Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R. D. (eds.) Eagle studies. World
Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, London & Paris.

Ulo Vali 242 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Seibold, I., Helbig, A. J., Meyburg, B.-U., Negro, J. J. & Wink, M. 1996. Genetic differentiation and
molecular phylogeny of European Aquila eagles according to cytochrome b nucleotide sequences.
Pp. 1-15 in Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor R. D. (eds.) Eagle studies. World Working Group on Birds
of Prey and Owls, Berlin, London & Paris.

Vali, U. & Lohmus, A. 2004. Nestling characteristics and identification in the Greater Spotted Eagle
Aquila clanga, Lesser Spotted Eagle A. pomarina and their hybrids. J. Orn. 145: 256-263.

Address: Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University,
Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden, e-mail: Ulo.Vali@ebc.uu.se, and Institute of
Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Ria 181, EE-51014
Tartu, Estonia, e-mail: Ulo. Vali@emu.ee

Mandatory changes to the scientific names of
three Neotropical birds

Fosé Fernando Pacheco & Bret M. Whitney

Received 27 Fanuary 2006

Application of the International code of zoological nomenclature (ICZN 1999)
requires changing the specific names for Dusky-billed Parrotlet Forpus sclateri,
Glittering-bellied Emerald Chlorostilbon aureoventris and Guianan Toucanet
Selenidera culik. Art. 23.9 (Reversal of Precedence) clarifies the proper usage of
nomenclature in each of the three cases.

Forpus sclateri

Peters (1937) used Forpus sclateri (Gray, 1859, type from the rio Javari, Peru) as
the oldest available name for Dusky-billed Parrotlet. He also introduced the name F°
s. eidos as anomen novum for Psittacula modesta (Cabanis, 1848, type from British
Guiana), which he considered a secondary junior homonym of Psittacula modesta
(Fraser, 1845). Fraser’s name applies to the Long-tailed Parakeet Psittacula
longicauda modesta of Enggano Island, Sumatra, and Cabanis’ modesta to the genus
Forpus, Boie, 1858. Thus, these authors independently applied the name modesta to
different nominal genera (Psittacula Cuvier, 1800 [type: Psittacus alexandri
Linnaeus] and Psittacula Illiger, 1811 [type: Psittacus passerinus Linnaeus)}),
obviating homonymy. Because Cabanis’ name has been employed as valid since
1899 (e.g. Ihering & Ihering 1907, Snethlage 1914, Cory 1918, Naumburg 1930,
Pinto 1938), Forpus modestus must be considered the valid name for Dusky-billed
Parrotlet, with sclateri as a subspecies and eidos a synonym.

Chlorostilbon aureoventris
As noted by Steullet & Deautier (1946) and Mallet-Rodrigues (2005), Shaw (1812)
described Trochilus lucidus based on material described informally (not under the

José Fernando Pacheco & Bret M. Whitney 243 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Linnean classification system) by Félix de Azara (1802-05) as the ‘Pica-flor mas
bello’ (no. 293) from Paraguay. Because Shaw’s name has been used as valid since
1899 (e.g. Olrog 1963, Cuello 1985), Chlorostilbon lucidus must be considered the
valid name for Glittering-bellied Emerald. The history of Shaw’s name may explain
in part the late recognition of its correct application. Despite that the Spanish
naturalist Azara described only birds occurring in Paraguay and the region of the rio
de La Plata, where he lived for 20 years (Beddall 1983), Hartert (1892) placed T.
lucidus Shaw in the synonymy of Hylocharis (Basilinna) leucotis (Vieillot) of
Middle and North America. The name aureoventris (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye 1838),
type from ‘Moxos and Cochabamba, Bolivia,’ but considered by all recent authors
to range throughout Paraguay, is a synonym.

Selenidera culik

Peters (1948) used the name Selenidera culik (Wagler 1827) stating that the older
name Ramphastos piperivorus (Linnaeus) is~ ‘not identifiable’ (footnote p.79).
Hellmayr (1907) had pointed out that Linnaeus’ original description (1758) and
subsequent reference to the name (1764) did not provide sufficient detail to define
the species in question. Linnaeus (1766) did, however, provide a diagnostic
description with direct reference to Tucana cajanensis torquata of Brisson (1760,
p.429, pl. 32, fig. 2) and ‘The Green Toucan’ of Edwards (1764, p.255, pl. 330).
Selenidera piperivora (Linnaeus, 1766) was used by Ihering & Ihering (1907),
Hellmayr (1907), Pinto (1938) and Schubart et al. (1965), and must be considered
the valid name for Guianan Toucanet, with culik a synonym. Most recently,
Alvarenga (2004) correctly applied the name.

The two most recent editions of the ICZN (1985, 1999) provide different
definitions for nomina oblita (‘forgotten names’). The current edition specifies that
the term applies only to available names ‘unused since 1899’ up to 1 January 2000,
whereas the earlier edition specified that an available name must have remained
unused for more than 50 years. This change is likely to affect other ‘forgotten
names’ and should be kept in mind as taxonomists strive to maintain the proper
nomenclature for birds and other organisms.

Acknowledgements
We thank Steven Gregory and Alan Peterson for their helpful comments on the manuscript.

References:

Alvarenga, H. 2004. Tucanos das Américas. M. Pontual Edicées e Arte, Rio de Janeiro.

Azara, F. de 1802-05. Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los paxaros del Paraguay y Rio de la
Plata. Imprenta de la Viuda de Barra, Madrid.

Beddall, B. G 1983. The isolated Spanish gentus—myth or reality? Félix de Azara and the birds of
Paraguay. J. Hist. Biol. 16: 225-258.

Brisson, M. J. 1760. Ornithologia sive synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones,
genera, species, ipsarumaque varietates. .. . 6 vols. C. J. B. Bauche, Paris.

José Fernando Pacheco & Bret M. Whitney 244 Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126(3)

Cabanis, J. 1848. Végel. Pp. 662—765 in Schomburgk, R. (ed.) Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren
1840-44. J. J. Weber, Leipzig.

Cory, C. B. 1918. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
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Cuello, J. 1985. Lista de referencia y bibliografia de las aves uruguayas. Intendencia Municipal de
Montevideo, Montevideo.

d’Orbigny, A. D. & Lafresnaye, F. 1838. Synopsis avium. Mag. Zool. 8: 1-34.

Edwards, G. 1764. Gleanings of natural history. ..., pt. 3. Royal College of Physicians, London.

Gray, G. R. 1859. List of specimens in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 3(2). Trustees of the Brit.
Mus., London.

Hartert, E. 1892. Catalogue of birds in the British Museum, vol. 16. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London.

Hellmayr, C. E. 1907. Another contribution to the ornithology of the lower Amazon. Novit. Zool. 14:
1-39.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1985. International code of zoological
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History Museum, London.

Ihering, H. & Ihering, R. 1907. Catdlogos da Fauna brazileira, vol. 1. Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo.

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Addresses: José Fernando Pacheco, Comité Brasileiro de Registros Ornitologicos, Brasil, e-mail:
jfpacheco@terra.com.br. Bret M. Whitney, Museum of Natural Science, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana

State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA, e-mail: ictinia@earthlink.net

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COMMITTEE
Cdr. M. B. Casement, OBE, RN (Chairman 2005) I. R. Bishop, OBE (2003)
Miss H. Baker (Vice-Chairman) (2005) C. W. R. Storey (2003)
S. A. H. Statham (Hon. Secretary) (2004) Dr J. P. Hume (2004)
D. J. Montier (Hon. Treasurer) (1997) Dr J. H. Cooper (2005)

P. J. Wilkinson (2005)

Ex-officio members

Hon. Editor: G. M. Kirwan (1 January 2004)

Chairman of BOU/BOC Joint Publications Committee (JPC): Revd. T. W. Gladwin
Hon. Website Manager: S. P. Dudley (2005)

BOC Publications Officer: Prof. R. A. Cheke (2001)

Chairman of the Bulletin subcommittee: Prof. C. J. Feare (2005)

Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club
ISSN 0007-1595
Edited by Guy M. Kirwan
Volume 126, Number 3, pages 165—244

CONTENTS
Club Announcements... 6 io ijn ea cn be te da sw 0k Serie ee ee ee 165
WALTERS, M. The birds of Mark Catesby’s The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the
Bahama Islands : .....4 6 sen os eee so 4a ik dee OE a ee eee 167
STEINHEIMER, F., DICKINSON, E. C. & WALTERS, M. The zoology of the HMS Beagle.
Part Ill. Birds: new avian names, their authorship and their dates ..................2005. 171

CORDOBA-CORDOBA, S. & ECHEVERRY-GALVIS, M. A. Two new hummingbirds for
Colombia, Many-spotted Hummingbird Taphrospilus hypostictus and Violet-chested

Hummingbird Sternoclyta cyanopectus . .... 0.060 60s es bane td ees oe 194
PITTIE, A. & DICKINSON, E. C. The correct name of the Sri Lankan Woodpigeon and the citation

for its original description . .. 2... i ses co eke bee dees oe 3) 2 196
MANN, C. F. & CHEKE, R. A. The validity of the sunbird genus Hedydipna ................. 199
THIBAULT, J.-C. & CIBOIS, A. The natural history and conservation of Acrocephalus rimitarae,

the endemic reed-warbler of Rimatara Island, Oceania .............. 0.00 e cece eee ees 201
SOZER, R., SHEPHERD, C. R. & DARJONO. First description of male Hoogerwerf’s Pheasant

Lophura (inornata) hoogerwerfi (Chasen, 1939), with notes on distribution ............... 207

VASCONCELOS, M. F., DDANGELO NETO, S., KIRWAN, G. M., BORNSCHEIN, M. R., DINIZ,
M. G. & FRANCISCO DA SILVA, J. Important ornithological records from Minas Gerais state,

Brad oi See ee oe 4 ee gitie din OS mini ha 6 ¢ acer i tae eee 212
VALI, U. Mitochondrial DNA sequences support species status for the Indian Spotted Eagle

Aguile hasttan Ko. cas eee ae “Galak © oa ¢ Sp Pa wee ne ee Sn ee er 238
PACHECO, J. F. & WHITNEY, B. M. Mandatory changes to the scientific names of three

Neotropical birds... 2... 2. hse nase ye oe nok Lo ae roo Sere eee ae ee 242

Authors are invited to submit papers on topics relating to the broad themes of taxonomy and distribution of
birds. Descriptions of new species of birds are especially welcome and will be given priority to ensure rapid
publication, subject to successful passage through the normal peer review procedure, and wherever possible
should be accompanied by colour photographs or paintings. On submission, manuscripts, double-spaced
and with wide margins, should be sent to the Editor, Guy Kirwan, preferably by e-mail, to
GMKirwan@aol.com. Alternatively, two copies of manuscripts, typed on one side of the paper, may be
submitted to the Editor, 74 Waddington Street, Norwich NR2 4JS, UK. Where appropriate half-tone
photographs may be included and, where essential to illustrate important points, the Editor will consider the
inclusion of colour figures (if possible, authors should obtain funding to support the inclusion of such colour
illustrations). As far as possible, review, return of manuscripts for revision and subsequent stages of the
publication process will be undertaken electronically. For instructions on style, see the inside rear cover of
Bulletin 125 (1) or the BOC website

www.boc-online.org

Printed on acid-free paper.
Published by the British Ornithologists’ Club
Typeset by Alcedo Publishing of Pennsylvania, USA, and printed by Crowes of Norwich, UK

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